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Good ventilation (right) and bad ventilation (left). Ventilation is movement of air, typically between an indoor space and the outside. When people or animals are present, ventilation is especially necessary to evacuate the carbon dioxide produced and renew the oxygen used up. It is also needed to remove other pollutants (smoke, chemicals, etc.) from the space. Ventilation air can also be used to heat, cool, humidify and dehumidify the space and to filter particles or contaminants from the air. In office buildings and other standard applications, a percentage of the total air that is circulated is evacuated outside and compensated by outside air. The time it takes to completely turn over the air volume of a room is considered the ventilation rate and it is measured in air exchanges per hour. Inadequate ventilation in a space occupied by people can cause the level of carbon dioxide to increase leading to sleepyness If there is something burning (a fireplace, gas heater, candle, oil lamp, etc.) more oxygen is replaced by carbon dioxide (and possibly other poisonous gases and smoke) and more ventilation is needed. If there is a chimney then the additional need of ventilation just refers to replacing the warmer air that leaves by convection through the chimney with fresh air. Ventilation in a structure is also needed for removing water vapor, produced by breathing, burning, and cooking, and for removing smells, e.g. from a toilet or kitchen. If water vapor is permitted to accumulate, it may damage the insulation or interior finish. A dehumidifier may also be appropriate for removing moisture in the air. In firefighting, ventilation refers to the tactic of creating a draft with an opening above or opposite the entry point so that heat and smoke will be released, permitting the firefighters to find and attack the fire. Mechanical fans can be used for such ventilation, as are existing openings such as windows, or skylights, scuttle hatches on the roof. If there is no ready-made hole, then the firefighters use their tools to make one, including saws for cutting a large hole in the roof. If a large fire is not properly ventilated, not only will it be much harder to fight, but it could also build up enough poorly burned smoke to create a smoke explosion, or enough heat to create a flashover. Some modern construction of high-rise building incorporates automatic ventilation equipment to produce a positive pressure in smoke-proof stairwells. In respiratory physiology, ventilation is the rate at which gas enters or leaves the lung. Minute ventilation is the total volume of gas entering the lungs per minute). Alveolar ventilation is the volume of gas per unit time that reaches the alveoli, the respiratory portions of the lungs where gas exchange occurs. Dead space ventilation is the volume of gas per unit time that does not reach these respiratory portions, but instead remains in the airways (trachea, bronchi, etc.). Types of ventilation
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