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For other uses, see Tyr (disambiguation).

Tyr (Old Norse: Týr) is the god of single combat and heroic glory in Norse mythology, portrayed as a one-handed man. In the late Icelandic Eddas, he is portrayed, alternately, as the son of Odin (Prose Edda) or Hymir (Poetic Edda), while the origins of his name and his possible relationship to Tuisto (see Tacitus' Germania) suggest he was once considered the father of the gods and head of the pantheon. Corresponding names in other Germanic languages include Tyz (Gothic), Ty (Old Norwegian), Ti (Old Swedish), Tiw, Tiu, Tio, and Tig (Old English) Týr (Modern Icelandic), Ziu and Zio (Old High German), and even Teiw in Primitve Germanic, ie. the Negua Helm.

Origins

The name Tyr meant "god" (cf. Hangatyr, the "god of the hanged" as one of Odin's names; probably inherited from Tyr in his role as judge) and goes back to a Proto-Germanic Tîwaz, continuing Proto-Indo-European Dyeus, originally the chief god, the precursor also of e. g. Zeus in Greek mythology, and Dyaus Pitar in Vedic religion. The oldest attestation of the god is Gothic Tyz (Vienna cod. 140 (http://www.northvegr.org/lore/grimmst/009_03.php]), though the "Teiw" found on the Negua Helm may very well be a direct reference to the God, rather than a god, and predates the Gothic (and indeed runic script) by several centuries.

Tîwaz was overtaken in popularity and in authority by both Odin and Thor at some point before the Migration Age. In terms of his relationship to Thor, it is clear that Tyr's linguistic cognates in other Indo-European pantheons were the original possessors of the thunder, eg. Zeus, and in some cases ultimately passed that attribute on to another god, eg. Dyaus to Indra. In Eddaic myth, and apart from that aspect of Thor named Magni (meaning "spiritual strength", as in "with all my might and main"), only Tyr's strength is ever compared to Thor's.

There is sketchy evidence of a consort, in German named Zisa: Tacitus mentions one Germanic tribe who worshipped "Isis", and Jacob Grimm pointed to Cisa/Zisa, the patroness of Augsburg, in this connection. The name Zisa would be derived from Ziu etymologically, in agreement with other consorts to the chief god in Indo-European pantheons, e. g. Zeus and Dione.

Tyr in the Edda

According to the Edda, at one stage the gods decided to shackle the wolf Fenrisulfr (Fenris), but the beast broke every chain they put upon him. Eventually they had the dwarfs make them a magical ribbon called Gleipnir from such items as a woman's beard and a mountain's roots. But Fenrir sensed the gods' deceit and refused to be bound with it unless one of them put his hand in the wolf's mouth. Tyr, known for his great courage and honour, agreed, and the other gods bound the wolf. Fenrir sensed that he had been tricked and bit off the god's hand. Fenrir will remain bound until the day of Ragnarök.

Tyr's choice to place his hand in the mouth of Fenrir also is a result of Tyr's role in Norse mythology. Tyr was the god of in charge of enforcing certain agreements, such as pledges, oaths, and contracts. Tyr did not preside over all such agreements, he was mainly concerned with those based on personal honour. As the Aesir swore that they did not intend to shackle Fenrir with bindings that he could not escape, it was Tyr's role to pledge the sacrifice that would be available should the Aesir violate their oath - in this case his hand. When it became clear that Fenrir could not escape, the oath was violated, and the pledge was forfeited to the offended party - Tyr's hand was given to Fenrir. The custom of leaving a pledge in exchange for an agreement or good is common in Norse Mythology; another prime example is Wodan's pledge in exchange for wisdom. It is important not to mistake the Indo-European idea of a pledge-in-exchange with the Judeo-Christian ideal of 'sacrifice for the greater good'.

As a result of this deed, Tyr is called the "Leavings of the Wolf". As the wolf is a frequent metaphor for the all-devouring grave, and with the well-known Eddaic addage "Cattle die, kinsmen die ..." in mind, the meaning of this by-name becomes clear. Tyr is glory, the name undying, which shall endure one's death. And indeed, at the root of his name and the basic Indo-Germanic idea of godhood we find the meaning of "heavenly radiance". Various Germanic words that spring from this same root are the Anglo-Saxon tir (glory), the Old High German Ziori (splendour), and the Old Norse tiv (god, hero).

According to the Prose version of Ragnarok, Tyr is destined to kill and be killed by Garm, the guard dog of Hel. However, in the two poetic versions of Ragnarok, he goes unmentioned; unless one believes that he is the "Mighty One".

In the Lokasenna, Tyr is taunted with cuckoldry by Loki, maybe another hint that he had a consort or wife at one time.

Other traces

Tyr/Tiw had become relatively unimportant compared to Odin/Woden in both North and West Germanic, and specifically in the sphere of organized warfare. Traces of the god remain, however, in Tuesday ("Tiw's day"), named after Tyr in both the North and the West Germanic languages (corresponding to Martis dies, dedicated to the Roman god of war and the father-god of Rome, Mars) and also in the names of some plants: Old Norse Týsfiola (after the Latin Viola Martis), Týrhialm (Aconitum, one of the most poisonous plants in Europe whose helmet-like shape might suggest a warlike connection) and Týviðr, "Tý's wood", in the Helsingor dialect Tistbast, modern Swedish Tibast (the Daphne mezereum, a shrub which blooms before the leaves appear in spring). The Swedish forest Tiveden may also be named after Tyr, or reflecting Tyr as a generic word for "god" (i.e. the forest of the gods).

The Germans, Anglo-Saxons, and Danes also knew of a powerful God called Metod, whose name was used to gloss the Christian God and whose power rivalled that of Wyrd. Even as Tyr is the god of heroic glory, this Metod was related to the custom of "toasting", and was said in Saxo Grammaticus' History of the Danes to have given to each of the gods a special drink offering in outlining how mortals should worship them.

Tyr rune

Main article: Tiwaz rune

The t-rune ᛏ is named after Tyr, and was identified with this god., the reconscructed Proto-Germanic name is Tîwaz. The rune is sometimes also referred to as Teiwaz, or spelling variants.

The rune was also compared with Mars as in the Icelandic rune poem:

Modern popular culture

Main article: Tyr in popular culture

Although representations of Tyr are less common than those of Thor, Odin or Loki, Tyr is often referenced or appears as a warrior figure in many modern depictions, particularly those relating to high fantasy, usually most identifiable by his missing arm and lust for battle.

See also

• Germanic paganism
• Indo-European religion
• Mannus
• Tuisto

External links

• Grimm's Teutonic Mythology (English translation, chapter 9)
• Tyr in Germanic Religion
• Týr and Zisa by William Bainbridge

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