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For other uses, see Turtle (disambiguation).
? Turtles

"Chelonia" from Ernst Haeckel's Artforms of Nature, 1904
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Sauropsida
Order: Testudines
Linnaeus, 1758
Suborders
Cryptodira
Pleurodira
See text for families.

Turtles are reptiles of the order Testudines (all living turtles belong to the crown group Chelonia), most of whose body is shielded by a special bony or cartilagenous shell developed from their ribs. The term turtle is usually used for the aquatic species, though aquatic fresh water turtles are also called terrapins. The term is sometimes used (esp. in North America) to refer to all members of the order, including tortoises, which are predominantly land-based. The order of Testudines includes both extant (living) and extinct species. About 300 species are alive today. Some species of turtles are highly endangered.

Contents

  • 1 Evolution
  • 2 Physical Description
  • 3 Order Testudines - Turtles
  • 4 See also
  • 5 External links

Evolution

The first turtles are believed to have existed in the era of the dinosaurs, 200 million years ago. Their exact ancestry is disputed. It was believed that they are the only surviving branch of the ancient clade Anapsida, which includes groups such as procolophonoids, millerettids, protorothyrids and pareiasaurs. All Anapsid skulls lack a temporal opening, while all other extant amniotes have temporal openings (although in mammals the hole has become the zygomatic arch). Most anapsids became extinct in the late Permian period, except procolophonoids and possibly the precursors of the testudines (turtles).

However, it was recently suggested that the Anapsid-like turtle skull may be due to convergent evolution rather than to anapsid descent. More recent phylogenetic studies with this in mind placed turtles firmly within diapsids, slightly closer to Squamata than to Archosauria. All molecular studies have strongly upheld this new phylogeny, though some place turtles closer to Archosauria. Re-analysis of prior phylogenies suggests that they classified turtles as anapsids both because they assumed this classification (most of them studying what sort of anapsid turtles are) and because they did not sample fossil and extant taxa broadly enough for constructing the cladogram. While the issue is far from resolved, most scientists now lean towards a Diapsid origin for turtles.

Physical Description

The size of a turtle varies widely. The great leatherback sea turtle, the world's largest turtle, has a shell length of 200 cm (72 in) and can reach a weight of over 750 kg (2,000 lb). The giant tortoises of the Galápagos Islands can get to over 130 cm (50 in) in length. The alligator snapping turtle is the largest American freshwater turtle and their shell can reach 80 cm (31.5 in) in length. Some of the smallest turtles are the American mud turtles and musk turtles. Many species in this group have a shell length of less than 13 cm (5 in). Other small turtles include the rare bog turtle of the eastern United States, 11 cm (4.5 in); and the speckled cape tortoise of South Africa, at 10 cm (4 in).

Order Testudines - Turtles

Gulf Coast Box Turtle, Terrapene carolina major Leatherback Sea Turtle, Dermochelys coriacea Green Sea Turtle, Chelonia mydas Hawksbill turtle, Eretmochelys imbricata

Suborder Paracryptodira (extinct)

Suborder Cryptodira

  • Family Chelydridae (Snapping Turtles)
  • Superfamily Testudinoidea
  • Family Haichemydidae (extinct)
  • Family Sinochelyidae (extinct)
  • Family Lindholmemydidae (extinct)
  • Family Testudinidae (Tortoises)
  • Family Geoemydidae (Asian River Turtles, Leaf and Roofed Turtles, Asian Box Turtles)
  • Family Emydidae (Pond Turtles/Box and Water Turtles)
  • Superfamily Trionychoidea
  • Family Adocidae (extinct)
  • Family Carettochelyidae (Pignose Turtles)
  • Family Trionychidae (Softshell Turtles)
  • Superfamily Kinosternoidea
  • Family Dermatemydidae (River Turtles)
  • Family Kinosternidae (Mud and Musk Turtles)
  • Family Platysternidae (Big-headed Turtles)
  • Superfamily Chelonioidea
  • Family Toxochelyidae (extinct)
  • Family Cheloniidae (Sea Turtles)
  • Family Thalassemyidae (extinct)
  • Family Dermochelyidae (Leatherback Turtles)
  • Family Protostegidae (extinct)

Suborder Pleurodira

  • Family Proterochersidae (extinct)
  • Family Chelidae (Austro-American Sideneck Turtles)
  • Family Araripemydidae (extinct)
  • Superfamily Pelomedusoidea
  • Family Pelomedusidae (Afro-American Sideneck Turtles)
  • Family Bothremydidae (extinct)
  • Family Podocnemididae (Madagascan Big-headed and American Sideneck River Turtles)

See also

  • Jackson ratio
  • Tortoise - the terrestrial version of the turtles.
  • Turtle racing
  • Turtles and tortoises in popular culture

External links

Find more information on Turtle by searching Wikipedia's sister projects:

Dictionary definitions from Wiktionary
Textbooks from Wikibooks
Quotations from Wikiquote
Source texts from Wikisource
Images and media from Commons
News stories from Wikinews

Wikispecies has information related to: Testudines Wikibooks Dichotomous Key has more about this subject: Testudines
  • Internationale Schildkröten Vereinigung - German language page
  • UC Berkeley Museum of Paleontology
  • Turtle Trax: Excellent marine turtle site
  • California Turtle and Tortoise Club: Informative and entertaining in equal measure
  • Turtles Zone: Resource site for information on the captive care of turtles.
  • Turtle Times: A turtle search engine.
  • Gulf Coast Turtle and Tortoise Society: Care Information, Species Descriptions, and More.
  • Turtles of the World: Extensive information on all known turtles, tortoises and terrapins, including key and quiz.

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This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "turtle".