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Turtles are reptiles of the order Testudines (all living turtles belong to the crown group Chelonia), most of whose body is shielded by a special bony or cartilagenous shell developed from their ribs. The term turtle is usually used for the aquatic species, though aquatic fresh water turtles are also called terrapins. The term is sometimes used (esp. in North America) to refer to all members of the order, including tortoises, which are predominantly land-based. The order of Testudines includes both extant (living) and extinct species. About 300 species are alive today. Some species of turtles are highly endangered.
EvolutionThe first turtles are believed to have existed in the era of the dinosaurs, 200 million years ago. Their exact ancestry is disputed. It was believed that they are the only surviving branch of the ancient clade Anapsida, which includes groups such as procolophonoids, millerettids, protorothyrids and pareiasaurs. All Anapsid skulls lack a temporal opening, while all other extant amniotes have temporal openings (although in mammals the hole has become the zygomatic arch). Most anapsids became extinct in the late Permian period, except procolophonoids and possibly the precursors of the testudines (turtles). However, it was recently suggested that the Anapsid-like turtle skull may be due to convergent evolution rather than to anapsid descent. More recent phylogenetic studies with this in mind placed turtles firmly within diapsids, slightly closer to Squamata than to Archosauria. All molecular studies have strongly upheld this new phylogeny, though some place turtles closer to Archosauria. Re-analysis of prior phylogenies suggests that they classified turtles as anapsids both because they assumed this classification (most of them studying what sort of anapsid turtles are) and because they did not sample fossil and extant taxa broadly enough for constructing the cladogram. While the issue is far from resolved, most scientists now lean towards a Diapsid origin for turtles. Physical DescriptionThe size of a turtle varies widely. The great leatherback sea turtle, the world's largest turtle, has a shell length of 200 cm (72 in) and can reach a weight of over 750 kg (2,000 lb). The giant tortoises of the Galápagos Islands can get to over 130 cm (50 in) in length. The alligator snapping turtle is the largest American freshwater turtle and their shell can reach 80 cm (31.5 in) in length. Some of the smallest turtles are the American mud turtles and musk turtles. Many species in this group have a shell length of less than 13 cm (5 in). Other small turtles include the rare bog turtle of the eastern United States, 11 cm (4.5 in); and the speckled cape tortoise of South Africa, at 10 cm (4 in). Order Testudines - TurtlesGulf Coast Box Turtle, Terrapene carolina major Leatherback Sea Turtle, Dermochelys coriacea Green Sea Turtle, Chelonia mydas Hawksbill turtle, Eretmochelys imbricataSuborder Paracryptodira (extinct) Suborder Cryptodira
Suborder Pleurodira
See also
External linksFind more information on Turtle by searching Wikipedia's sister projects: Dictionary definitions from Wiktionary
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