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For the type of printer which uses sparks and aluminised paper (and is sometimes referred to as a "thermal printer"), see spark printer.

A thermal printer (or direct thermal printer) produces a printed image by selectively heating coated thermochromic paper when the paper passes over the thermal print head. The coating turns black in the areas where it is heated, producing an image. Two-color direct thermal printers are capable of printing both black and an additional color (often red), by applying heat at two different temperatures.

Thermal transfer printing is a related method that uses a heat-sensitive ribbon instead of heat-sensitive paper.

Essential mechanisms

A thermal printer comprises these key components:

• Thermal head — generates heat; prints on paper
• Platen — a rubber roller that feeds paper
• Spring — applies pressure to the thermal head, causing it to contact the thermo-sensitive paper

In order to print, one inserts thermo-sensitive paper between the thermal head and the platen. The printer sends an electrical current to the heating resistor of the thermal head, which in turn generates heat in a prescribed pattern. The heat activates the thermo-sensitive coloring layer of the thermo-sensitive paper, which manifests a pattern of color change in response. Such a printing mechanism is known as a thermal system or direct system.

The paper is impregnated with a solid-state mixture of a dye and a suitable matrix; a combination of a fluoran leuco dye and an octadecylphosphonic acid is an example. When the matrix is heated above its melting point, the dye reacts with the acid, shifts to its colored form, and the changed form is then conserved in metastable state when the matrix solidifies back quickly enough. See thermochromism.

Applications

Thermal printers print faster and more quietly than dot matrix printers. They are also more economical since their only consumable is the paper itself. Possible commercial applications of thermal printers include filling station pumps, information kiosks, and point of sale systems.

Through the 1990s, many fax machines used thermal printing technology. Toward the beginning of the 21st century, however, thermal wax transfer, laser, and inkjet printing technology largely supplanted thermal printing technology in fax machines in order to allow plain-paper printouts.

Early formulations of the thermo-sensitive coating used in thermal paper were sensitive to incidental heat, abrasion, friction (which can cause heat, thus darkening the paper), light (which can fade printed images), and water. However, more modern thermal coating formulations have resulted in exceptional image stability; theoretically, thermally-printed text should remain legible at least 50 years.

See also

• Barcode printer
• Thermal transfer printer
• Computer printer
• Daisy wheel printer
• Dot matrix printer
• Line matrix printer
• Line printer
• Inkjet printer
• Label printer
• Laser printer

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