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Look up Survey in Wiktionary, the free dictionary

A Survey is a more or less systematic search for relevant data of a specific field. But there are several uses of the word which depend on the shhere of work. Looking for a stronger definition of "survey", we have to distinguish between at least three meanings. For short: the geodetic survey, the survey by statistics, and some systematic search projects in astronomy.

Three or four meanings of "Survey"

1. Usually the term Surveying (geodetic survey) means the exact positioning on the earth by measuring angles, distances and/or satellites (see also geodesy). The results are documented in data catalogues, in maps (e.g. cadastre) or in databases.
2. A more general (but common) definition is to measure one or more parameters of a population, but without measuring the entire population => this is a statistical survey. The data from a few or some hundred individuals (usually 100 - 10.000) is used to estimate the data for the entire population. In some cases special correction coefficients are to be used in this estimate.
3. If the choice of the counted individuals is not statistic but systematic,

- e.g. beginning with a special value of a parameter (for instance size, age, income, star magnitude or photo mosaics),
- and a complete counting of a specific area is carried out,
then this sort of data survey has a certain complete character. In german language it is called Durchmusterung (systematic search of objects, papers or other data).

1. In Astronomy there are 3 well known examples of such a search:

• Bonner Durchmusterung (position of 325.000 stars), published 1855 by the University of Bonn, Germany
• Palomar Sky Survey (middle of 20th century)
• Hipparcos Catalogue of 1997 (more exact spacial positions of 108.000 stars) and Tycho catalogue

Survey organizations in Geodesy

The meaning No.1 is the task to measure the Earth's surface (espec. its shape and the terrain) and all important buildings, to detect the law situation (Cadastre), and the Earth's gravity field. This extremely voluminous task can be solved only by official institutions.

But the organization of these institutions is quite different all over the world. The main structure can be divided into two systems, each of them representing about 50% of the world: a sort of anglo-american system and a german-austrian system, the principals of them were developed between approx. 1750 and 1910. Below the names of important institutions are collected to enable the reader to get more detailed information. Besides the geodetic topics other public domains are included, too.

United States

• The Public Land Survey System divides land in the United States into sections for agricultural and civic-planning purposes.
• The United States Geological Survey, part of the United States Department of the Interior, produces maps of the United States.
• The U.S. National Geodetic Survey, part of the United States Department of Commerce, performs surveys in the United States.
• The National Crime Victimization Survey, part of the United States Department of Justice, conducts polls of U.S. households to determine nationwide crime levels and trends.

Canada

• The Dominion Land Survey divides land in Canada into sections for agricultural and civic-planning purposes.

United Kingdom

• The Ordnance Survey produces maps of the United Kingdom and various other countries.
• The British Antarctic Survey conducts scientific research in and around Antarctica.

Former Dominion countries

Some countries of the former British Empire have similar structures of the public surveys and data. This applies e.g. to

• Ireland, Australia and most of the former Britisch colonies of Africa
• but only partly to India and other asian states like e.g. Iran.

German-Austrian system

These countries were dominant in Earth sciences up to about 1910, which resulted in a wordwide common sense in geo-metrical theories and in the organisation of the international associations (IUGG,IAG, IAU, FIG) and the satellite and terrestrial networks.

In cadastre the Central Europe the system is more rigid (e.g. in legal security) than the "british" one - and therefore needs a better accuracy. Partly some differences belong to the manifold languages, populations and political cultures in Europe - which demanded for good regukations for "living together". Therefore the leading survey institutions have similar structures - not only in D and A, but also in Italy, Switzerland, Hungary, Tschecho-Slovakia, Poland, Scandinavia, Russia etc., and the former Yugoslavia.

Other countries work a bit different, but rather the "german" way than the british one: France, Greece, Turkey, Israel/Lebanon, Kaukasia, China and the "french" parts of Africa. Below some dominant geodetic institutions are listed; the offices for statistics and land use etc. are to be supplemented (Geof, status 14.3.2006); concerning these spheres of work and the other countries please look into the state files.

• Germany: Bundesamt für Kartografie und Geodäsie (Berlin, abbrev. BKG), further Deutsches Geodätisches Forschungsinstitut (München, DGFI) and Deutsche Geodätische Kommission (DGK). The other Geosciences (e.g. Geophysics are not organized in a central matter.
• Austria: Bundesamt für Eich- und Vermessungswesen (Wien, BEV), Statistisches Zentralamt (ÖStat) and for Geodesy/Geophysics the ÖGK and ZAMG (all in Vienna).
• Switzerland: Swisstopo (Bern)
• France: Institute Geographique National IGN (Geodesy, Cartography) and BPM (Geophysics and Metronomy), both in Paris
• Italy: Istituto Topogr. Militare, Milano and some institutions in Rome.
• ... ... (please make supplements!)

Other and Special meanings of "Survey"

• A survey township is a demarcation indicating land ownership, not necessarily corresponding to any civil township.
• A survey ship is a ship built for the purpose of conducting hydrographic surveys.

External and Wiki-Links

Graduate Degrees in Geodesy, Geophysics and GIS

.. (in progress by User:Geof for ~1 hour)

• North America: CalTech, MIT, Ohio State University, University of New Brunswick
• Latin America: e.g. Mexico City, Maracaibo, Sao Paulo, Quito, Lima, Recife, Buenos Aires, Mendoza, Santiago... (please make supplements)
• Europe: Universities and Technical Univ. (TU) in all Metropoles, e.g.
  • Germany: Berlin (FU, TUB), Munich (TUM, UBW (Bundeswehr), Univ. Bonn, Stuttgart, TU Dresden, RWTH Aachen
  • Western Europe: e.g. GB London, Birmingham, Edinburgh; F Paris, Toulouse, Bordeaux, Nantes, Lyon, Chambery, Marseille, Nice; CH Bern, Zurich (Univ., ETH), Lausanne; Benelux Brussels, Liege/Lüttich, Den Haag, Groningenm Enschede, Luxemburg
  • Iberia, Italia: E Madrid, Zaragoza, Bilbao (?), Barcelona, Valencia, Sevilla (?); P Lisboa, Porto; I Bozen/Bolzano, Trento, Milano, Genua, Verona (?), Trieste, Florence, Roma, Napoli, Bari (?), Messina, Palermo
  • Central Europe: A Vienna (Univie, TUW, BOKU), Graz, Innsbruck, Salzburg; H Budapest, Sopron, Miskolc; CZ Prague, Brno; SK Bratislava, Kosice; PL Warszawa, Krakow, Lublin resp. Olsztyn; RO Bucuresti, Cluj, Temesvar (Timisoara)
  • Southeast of Europe: former "YU" Ljubljana, Zagreb, Sarajevo, Belgrade, Nis, Pristina (?), Skopje; AL Tirana, BG Sofia, Stara Zagora, Varna; GR Athens, Larisa (?), Thessaloniki; TR Istanbul (Univ., TU and Yildiz)
  • Northern Europe: Cobenhavn, Oslo, Göteborg..., Stockholm, Helsinki, Turku, Talinn, Riga (?), Vilnius
  • Ukraine, Russia: Lvov, Kiev, Charkow; Moskwa (~10 Universities), St. Petersburg (~5), Gorki, Kazan, Astrachan (?); Magnitogorsk, Sverdlovsk (?), Novosibirsk, Vladivostok
• Asia ... (please make supplements)
  • Near and Middle East: ...
  • Central Asia: ...
  • South Asia: e.g. Delhi, Bombay, Hayderabad ...
  • Southeast Asia:
  • China and Japan: e.g. Peking, Shanghai, Wuhan, Taipeh, Tokyo, Sendai, Sapporo
• Africa: ... (please make supplements)
  • North Africa: e.g. Algier, Cairo, Djibuti, Accra ...
  • Central and South Africa: e.g. Kinshasa, Lumumbashi, Luanda, Nairobi ..., Lusaka, Windhoek, Cape Town, Durban, Pretoria
• Australia and Oceania: e.g. Perth, Sydney (Univ. USW etc.), Brisbane (?), Auckland

Graduate Degree Programs in Survey Methodology and Research

US Doctoral and Masters Degrees

• Joint Program in Survey Methodology (JPSM) - University of Maryland-College Park and University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
• Survey Research and Methodology - University of Nebraska-Lincoln
• Program in Survey Methodology - University of Michigan-Ann Arbor

Masters Degrees Only

• Graduate Program in Survey Research - University of Connecticut
• Diploma in Official Statistics - Hebrew University, Israel
• Methodology and Statistics for the Social and Behavioral Sciences - Utrecht University, the Netherlands

European Degrees

In many European countries (esp. Central Europe) the following technical and geoscientific degrees are predominant: Mag. (Magister), Dipl.-Ing. (diplome engineer), Dipl.Inf. (FH), Dr. techn., Dr, rer.nat. and Dr. phil.. In other countries some of these degrees vary; see also the above listed University and College Cities.

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