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A roof tiled in imitation of thatch at Croyde, north Devon, England Rooftops in Vietnam Snow on the roof

A roof is the top covering of a building that sheds rain or snow, keeping the building interior dry. The eaves are the area where the rafter ends form the edges of the roof that run horizontally across the façade.

Roofs may be 'pitched', 'domed', 'low slope' or 'flat' in form. Flat roofs are commonly found on industrial/commercial type structures while low slope is found on pre-fabricated or steel structures such as arenas. Pitched roofs are the primary design found on residential homes. The most common type of flat roof for industrial/commercial structures are the conventional built-up-roof (BUR) assembly and the protected roof membrane assembly (PMRA)The most popular roof membranes are the 4ply (felt and asphalt), the 2 ply modified bitumen and the single plies such as the elastomeric (EPDM) and thermal plastic (PVC), drains provide run off for rain and snow.

Roof shapes and pitches depend on design, material constraints and climatic considerations. Roof designs in mild climates or where there is little precipitation tend to exhibit flat roofs and drainage at the exterior wall; an example of residential flat roof is that of the adobe construction in the American Southwest. In northern climates, where temperatures drop below freezing, the need for greater thermal resistance will dictate the type of roof design as well as the waterproofing membrane specification. In areas that have a high accumulation of snow, such as Buffalo USA or Montreal Canada, a minimum slope of 4 inches in 12 inches (4/12) of roof surface is required. Roof pitches may exceed 45 or 50 degrees.

Drainage on cold climate roofs is typically installed at interior locations rather than on the exterior wall as in southern climates. By placing the drains toward the interior freezing of the rainwater leader is avoided. Weight of accumulated snow has been known to cause major damage to structures, freeze thaw cycling plays havoc on the flat roof assembly as well as the pitch roof design. Migrating water during thaw periods enters voids then freezes and expands. Daily repetitions of this cycling effect eventually causes damage to the shingle and/or membrane.

Some building styles, for example, geodesic and A-frame, blur the distinction between wall and roofs. Pitched roofs are often covered with asphalt shingles (in the US and most of eastern Canada) although thatch, wood shake, steel, corrugated galvanised iron, slate and tile roofs are used elsewhere.

Weather proofing materials

The weather proofing material is the topmost or outermost layer, exposed to the weather. Many different kinds of materials have been used as weather proofing material:

• Shingles & Faux Shingles
  • Slate. Long life, High cost
  • Ceramic. Long life, High cost
  • Metal. Long life. High cost, should be on roofs of 6/12 pitch or greater.
  • Cement (usually reinforced with fibres of some sort)
  • Asphalt shingle (bitumen embedded in a paper or fibre mat) Cost effective. Various life span expectancies.
  • Fiberglass shingles
  • Cedar. Long life. However, young growth cedar has a short life expectancy. High cost. Should be allowed to breathe.
• Membrane
  • Thermoset (e.g. EPDM synthetic rubber). Synthetic rubber strips chemically welded together with solvent or tape. Primary application is big box store with large open areas and little vertical protrusions. Relies heavily on the skill of the applicator. Detail critical.
  • Thermoplastic plastic (e.g. PVC). Plastic strips welded together with hot air. Can be rewelded. Lends itself well to both big box and small roof application because of its hot air weldability. Relies heavily on the skill of the applicator. Detail critical.
  • Copolymer (e.g. TPO) polypropylene and ethylene propylene rubber. Welded together with hot air. Combines the best features of EPDM and PVC. Relies heavily on the skill of the applicator. Detail critical.
  • Modified bitumen ("torch on or asphalt bonded"). Asphalt embedded in a fiber mat, seams sealed by locally melting the asphalt with a torch or a hot mopping of asphalt. Lends itself well to all applications. Requires some training. Virtually foolproof.
  • 4 ply ("Felts" of either asphalt impregnated paper or fiberglass reinfoced synthetic mat laid out in strips and bonded togeter in plys using hot asphalt and then surfaced with a layer of pea gravel. Lends itself well to all flat roofs. Requires some training. Virtually foolproof.
  • Spray-on foam (isocyanurate foam with an elastic rubber top coat)
• Panel
  • Corrugated metal
  • Standing-seam metal
  • Flat-seam metal
• Fabric
  • Dacron/polyester
  • Teflon embedded in fibreglass
• Straw, or reed thatch

Durability and Cost

Typical composition shingle roofs can last anywhere from a thin 20-year shingle to the thickest of 50-year shingle. They are relatively inexpensive and up to 2 - 3 layers can be used (most US building codes limit roofs to 2 layers) before weight becomes a problem.

Slate roofs, when properly installed, are often considered the best. A slate roof may last 75 to 150 years, and in extreme cases even longer, although the durability depends on the quality of slate used and the levels of skill and care employed by the roofer. However, slate roofs are often very expensive to install, particularly in areas where slate roofing is not common. In the USA, for example, a slate roof may have the same cost as the rest of the house. Often, the first part of a slate roof to fail is the fixing nails; they corrode, allowing the slates to slip. In the UK, this condition is known as "nail sickness". Because of this problem, fixing nails made of stainless steel or copper are usually recommended, and even these must be protected from the weather.

Steel roofs last about 50 years or more depending on the moisture barrier (underlayment) used and is between the cost of shingle roofs and slate roofs. Areas prone to heavy snow benefit from a steel roof because they shed the weight of snow easily and resist the force of wind better than a wood shingle or a concrete tile roof.

See also: Trade hall roof collapse in Katowice, Poland and Bad Reichenhall ice rink roof collapse

Solar roofs

Newer systems include solar shingles which generate electricity as well as cover the roof. There are also solar systems available that generate hot water or hot air and which can also act as a roofcover.

There are different types of integrations of solarsystems in roofs.

• integrated in the covering of pitch roofs b.e. solar shingle.
• mounted on an existing roof b.e. solar panel on a tile roof.
• integrated in a flat roof b.e. PVC.
• mounted on a flat roof with a construction and additional weight to prevent uplift from wind.

Several systems of construction transmit the weight of the roof to the walls of the building and tie the roof into the structure. These include: ashlar-piece, brace (can be arched or wind), collar-beam, crown-post, hammer-beam and -post, king (or queen) post, purlin, rafter (common or principal), ridge beam, ridge-board, strut, tie-beam (Tie rod), truss, and wall-plate.

By extension a tent, automobile, etc. has a roof. A convertible is an automobile built with a folding, retracting, or removable roof. In a car, a moon roof is a see-through opening in the roof of the car, whereas a sun roof typically opens up.

Terminology

• An attic is the story under a non-flat roof.
• Galvanised roofs are normally used on sheds.
• "Pavilion" is a term used by architects to refer to any autonomous, self-contained structure, regardless of size or roof configuration.

Roof shapes

Roofs can be shaped to shed water easily. These include:

• lean-to
• single-sloped or shed roof
• ridged
  • pitched or gabled
    • shaped gable
    • Dutch gable - a hybrid of hipped and gambrel
    • crow-step gable
    • corbie-step gable
    • salt-box
  • saddleback
  • hip roof
  • half-hipped
  • mansard
  • gambrel
  • pavilion
• conical
• domical
• pyramidal

See also

• Roof garden
• Tented roof
• Building construction
• Green roof
• Roofing felt

Further reading

• Francis Ching; Building Construction Illustrated, Visual Dictionary of Architecture, Architecture: Form, Space, and Order."

External links

• Roofing Materials for "potable" water.
• Roof helps.
• Roofing & Construction Forum and Classifieds

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