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Thermal radiation is electromagnetic radiation from an object that is due only to the object's temperature. It rapidly increases in power, and in frequency, with increasing temperature.

Contents

  • 1 Examples of thermal radiation
    • 1.1 Black-body radiation
    • 1.2 Incandescent light bulbs
    • 1.3 Radiative cooling in spacecraft
    • 1.4 Heat loss from the Earth to space
  • 2 Analysis
  • 3 External links

Examples of thermal radiation

Thermal radiation has numerous applications everywhere from the home to outer space.

Black-body radiation

Black-body radiation is a special case of thermal radiation from an object (a black body) that absorbs all electromagnetic radiation perfectly. This is the easiest case to describe mathematically, and there are formulas for the power as a function of temperature, and other relationships.

Incandescent light bulbs

Incandescent light bulbs behave as black-body radiators, emitting light from a hot filament.

Radiative cooling in spacecraft

Spacecraft may have thermal radiators, also called heat radiators, to lose excess heat — the Space Shuttle has heat radiators mounted on the inner surfaces of the payload bay doors, and these are kept open while the Shuttle is in orbit to allow the radiators to function. Spacecraft radiators tend to be reflective in the visible spectrum, to avoid absorption of solar radiation energy, while good emitters in the infra-red so that they can radiate heat easily. Special paints and coatings are used, designed to have this property and maintain it under space conditions. Although they are used as black body radiators, these coatings appear white to the eye, since they need to reflect visible wavelengths to avoid absorbing them.

Heat loss from the Earth to space

Outer space is an effective black body with respect to the Earth. On a cloudless night, the surface of the Earth radiates heat to space. This heat loss is noticeable from the formation of dew or frost. On cloudy nights, the clouds shield the Earth from the low temperature of space, so less heat is radiated.

Radiating heat to the cold cosmos has also been used to form ice in well-insulated shallow bowls, even when the air temperature is above freezing.

Analysis

Thermal radiation consists of infrared radiation in the wavelength range from 800 nm to 400 μm, just longer than visible light which is between 350 nm and 750 nm.

The thermal radiation from a black body, in watts, is given by the Stefan-Boltzmann law:

W = σAkBT4

where

σ = emissivity
kB = Stefan-Boltzmann constant
A = surface area in square metres
T = temperature in kelvins

External links

  • http://sol.sci.uop.edu/~jfalward/heattransfer/heattransfer.html - website on heat transfer
  • Online Glossary of Radiant Terms can be found here

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