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The factual accuracy of this article is disputed. Punk is a subculture, alternative culture, counterculture, and youth culture based on a shared set of cultural elements distinct from those of popular culture and other subcultures. Punk has its own distinct music, ideology, fashion, visual art, dance, literature and film. An otherwise disparate assortment of mostly young people, members of the subculture, or punks, express these cultural elements in the context of punk communities, or scenes. Punk has a long and complicated history. Since emerging in the United Kingdom and the United States in the mid-1970s, punk has spread across the globe and undergone a series of tumultuous developments. Punk is made up of an assortment of smaller subcultures, each distinguished by its own specific articulation of the cultural elements of punk. Several subcultures developed out of punk to become distinct in their own right, including goth, industrial, grunge and emo. Punk has unique relationships with other subcultures and popular culture as a whole. Look up punk in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
CommunityParticipants in the punk subculture are called punks, punk rockers, or, more rarely, punkers. Not everyone who plays a hand in the punk subculture is a punk, however, and someone with no connection to the subculture whatsoever may be a punk. Some punks identify strongly as such, while others do so far more casually, and still others see punk as a kind of anti-identity or anomie. Punks are typically adolescents or young adults from working class or middle class backgrounds. For the most part, punks interact with one another in their local area, forming a local punk scene. In dozens of countries worldwide, almost all major cities, many medium-sized cities, and a few small towns have such scenes. Several local punk scenes with close ties to one another form a regional punk scene. Punk scenes, both local and regional, are concentrated in North America, Europe, and Japan. There are also scenes in Central America, South America and Australia. The more cosmopolitan cities of mainland Asia, and the Middle East also play host to scenes. In Africa, punk scenes are mostly limited to South Africa. On the whole, punk scenes are most prominent in global cities. The way punks express their culture varies from scene to scene, and there are vast differences between regional scenes. The global punk subculture contains speakers of many languages, citizens of dozens of states, and members of a variety of nationalities and ethnicities. This wide variety of backgrounds ensures that punks create a vast range of culture that reflects the unique conditions of their local or regional scenes. Local punk scenes can be as small as half a dozen punks, or can encompass thousands of members. A local scene usually has a small group of dedicated punks surrounded by a more casual periphery. On the outer fringes of a punk scene are the poseurs, who the core members do not consider to be participants in the subculture at all. A typical punk scene is made up of: several bands who perform music at shows and record albums; fans who attend these shows and purchase these albums; independent record labels which produce these albums; zine makers who document the activity of the bands, fans and labels; visual artists who create artwork for these shows, albums, labels and zines; and fashion designers who create clothing and accessories. A punk may perform any number of these functions in his or her local scene, and it is not uncommon for a single punk to perform all of them. Punk houses, punk parties, basement shows, and cassette culture also serve as important components of a punk scene. In recent years, the Internet and file sharing programs have been playing increasingly larger roles in punk. There have also been several formal organizations based around uniting punks, but these have largely disappeared. Some punks and groups of punks, especially punk rock bands, gain notoriety within their local scene, regional scene, or the punk subculture as a whole, and some go on to become (in)famous in the mainstream as well. Some prominent punk rock bands include The Ramones, The Sex Pistols, The Dead Kennedys, The Damned and The Clash. Famous punks include John Lydon, Sid Vicious, Nancy Spungen, Jello Biafra, Joe Strummer, Vivian Westwood, Malcolm McLaren and Aaron Cometbus. Punk is, except for the riot grrrl subculture, largely male-dominated, though punks rarely tolerate overt sexism. Since its inception, female punks have always played important roles in the punk subculture, but, numerically speaking, they are underrepresented. Compared to some alternative cultures, however, punk is much closer to being gender egalitarian. CultureThe production, transmission and consumption of punk culture is something all punks have in common. It is these processes which generate punk scenes. Since punk is made up of a diverse collection of smaller subcultures, punk culture is expressed in a wide variety of ways. As they are described here, not all of the cultural elements of punk are part of all punk subcultures, but they are common to most. Music
Music is the most important aspect of punk. Punk music is called punk rock, sometimes shortened to punk. Most punk rock is a specific style of the rock music genre, though punk musicians sometimes incorporate elements from other rock styles and even other genres. Punk subcultures often distinguish themselves from one another by having a distinct style of punk rock, though not every style of punk rock has its own associated subculture. On the whole, punk rock has simple arrangements and short songs. Most punk songs have a verse-chorus structure and 4/4 time. Punk songs rarely exceed three minutes in length, and are often as brief as 90 seconds. Punk rock usually has fast tempos, especially hardcore punk. Typical punk instrumentation includes a drum kit, one or two electric guitars, an electric bass, and vocals. The drums sound heavy and dry. The guitar parts are made up of highly distorted power chords. Punk vocals are usually nasal or throaty. Production is minimalistic. Typical punk lyrics deal with unemployment, boredom and other grim realities of urban life in a frank, often confrontational manner. The lyrics of many punk songs make political statements, openly disparage authorities, or feature decidedly unromantic depictions of sex and love. Ideology
Punk ideology is made up of a combination of politics, aesthetics and ethics. Though punk politics cover the entire political spectrum, many punks espouse left-wing or progressive views, and punks often participate in political protests for local or national change. Some common trends in punk politics include anti-authoritarianism, anti-militarism, anti-capitalism, anti-racism, anti-nationalism, environmentalism, vegetarianism, veganism, and animal rights. Punk aesthetics determine the type of art punks enjoy, which is usually underground in origin with minimalistic, iconoclastic and satirical sensibilities. Punks enjoy art which makes strong political statements, preferably using humor, irony or sarcasm. Punks are fans of decadence in art. Punk ethics include the radical rejection of mainstream conformity, living according to the DIY (Do It Yourself) ethic, taking direct action for political change, and not selling out to mainstream interests for personal gain. FashionAn example of an extreme punk hairstyle, as worn by Colin Jerwood of Conflict
Punks seek to outrage propriety with the highly theatrical use of clothing, hairstyles, cosmetics, jewelry and body modification. Punk clothing adapts existing objects for aesthetic effect: previously ripped clothes are held together by safety pins or wrapped with tape, written on with marker or defaced with paint; a black bin liner bag (garbage bag) might become a dress, shirt or skirt. Leather, rubber and vinyl clothing are also common, possibly due to its implied connection with transgressive sexual practices, such as bondage and S&M. Punks wear tight "drain pipe" jeans, "brothel creepers" shoes, t-shirts with risqué images, and possibly a leather motorcycle jacket (á la The Ramones). Punks style their hair to stand in spikes, cut it into "Mohawks" or other dramatic shapes, and color it with vibrant, unnatural hues. Punks use safety pins and razor blades as jewelry, including using safety pins for piercings. Punks sometimes flaunt taboo symbols such as the Nazi swastika or Iron Cross, although most punks are staunchly anti-racist and may instead wear a crossed-out swastika patch. Visual artsPunk visual art is usually straightforward with clear messages, often concerning political issues such as social injustice and economic disparity. The use of images of suffering to shock and create feelings of empathy in the viewer is common. Alternatively, images may contain images of selfishness, stupidity, or apathy to provoke contempt in the viewer. Much of the earlier artwork was in black and white, because it was distributed in punk zines created at copy shops. Early punk also played a hand in the revival of stencil art, spearheaded by Crass. The situationists influenced the look of punk art, particularity that of the Sex Pistols. Punk art often utilizes collage, exemplified by the art of Crass and Winston Smith. Dance
Punk shows often appear to the uninitiated to be more like small-scale riots than music concerts. Fans spit and throw beer bottles at the band and each other. Punk fans enjoy stage diving, crowd surfing, skanking, pogoing, hardcore dancing and moshing. Fights both inside and outside the venue are common, as is damage to sound equipment and the venue itself. LiteraturePunk has its own underground press in the form of punk zines. Punk zines chronicle and help to define punk. Most punk scenes have at least one punk zine, which feature news, gossip, cultural criticism, and interviews with local or touring punk rock bands. Also, a number of novels, biographies, autobiographies, and comic books have been written about punk. Jim Carroll and Patti Smith are two examples of punk poets. Punk has had an influence on literature, inspiring the cyberpunk and steampunk genres. FilmA number of punk movies have been made, and punk rock music videos and punk skate videos are common. The Young Ones is, in some ways, a punk television show. The use of stock footage typifies punk film. SlogansPunks have created a number of slogans which have become representative of the subculture, including:
HistorySubcultures within punkPunk is made up of a diverse assortment of smaller subcultures. Some subcultures within punk are antagonistic towards one another. Anarcho-punk
Anarcho-punk is a part of the punk movement consisting of groups, bands and individuals promoting specifically anarchist ideas, such as animal rights, feminism, anti-authoritarianism, anti-war, anti-capitalism, anti-racism, and many other social movements. Exemplary bands of this genre include Crass, Conflict and the Subhumans. Oi! punk
Oi! sought to align punk with a working-class "street level" following. It originated in the United Kingdom and promoted unity between punks, skinheads and other working class youths. Major bands include Cock Sparrer, the Cockney Rejects, Angelic Upstarts, and Sham 69. Hardcore
Hardcore is a faster and heavier version of punk rock usually characterized by short, loud, and often passionate songs with exceptionally fast tempos and chord changes. It originated in North America and was most popular during the 1980s. Major bands include Bad Brains, Black Flag, Minor Threat, The Dead Kennedys and The Misfits. Gutter punk
Streetpunk
Nazi punk
Nazi punk is a punk subculture which espouses Nazism. Ska punk
2 tone and rude boy are related subcultures. Riot grrrl
Riot grrrl is a branch of hardcore punk with an emphasis on feminism. Straight edge
An outgrowth of hardcore punk, straight edge is based around a lifestyle of abstinance from alcohol, tobacco, and recreational drug use. Queercore
Queercore is a branch of hardcore punk based on the lesbian, homosexual, bisexual and transexual subcultures. Christian punk
Christian punk is affiliated with Christianity, as opposed to the secularism of the punk subculture as a whole. Skate punk
Skate punk was originally a derivative of hardcore punk, so named because of its popularity among skateboarders. Conservative punk
Positive punk
A now-extinct subculture, positive punk developed into the goth subculture. Pop-Punk
Subcultures which developed out of punkGoth
Goth developed from positive punk in the late 1970s. Psychobilly
Psychobilly incorporates the music and fashions of the rockabilly subculture with horror themes. Cowpunk and punkabilly are related subcultures. Psychobilly music is generally played with an upright bass instead of an electric bass. Industrial
Grunge
Grunge developed from the Pacific Northwest punk scene in the late 1980s. Emo
Emo developed from the Washington D.C. punk scene in the late 1980s. Punk and emo have an antagonistic relationship. Relationships to other subculturesSkinhead
Hip hop
Punk and hip hop emerged around the same time in New York City. Malcolm McLaren played roles in introducing both punk and hip hop to the United Kingdom. Metal
Relationship to popular culturePunk has influenced popular culture in many ways. Since the beginning of punk, major label record labels and fashion houses have attempted to use punk for profit. For the most part, punk has met this cultural appropriation with resistance, because of the punk ethic of musical integrity which punks often feel is threatened by record label profit motivation. Many members of the original punk subculture find the commercialization of punk disillusioning. They argue that punk is by definition unpopular (seeing "pop punk" as a contradiction in terms) and should remain that way because it provides a needed challenge to mainstream culture. See also
External links
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