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Process (lat. processus - movement) is a naturally occurring or designed sequence of operations or events, possibly taking up time, space, expertise or other resource, which produces some outcome. A process may be identified by the changes it creates in the properties of one or more objects under its influence. Compare: project. See also: process management, process theory, and Category:Nature. Illustration of a process: a geyser in action.
ExamplesA process may be categorized as singular, recurrent, or periodic. A singular process would be one which occurs only once. Few processes in nature can be considered singular. Most processes found in nature are recurrent, or repeat more than once. Recurring processes which repeat at a constant rate are considered periodic. The more periodic a process is the more useful it is as the basis of a clock. Below are a few specific examples of processes.
ArtSee process music and Sol Lewitt. BusinessBusinesses organize interactions by means of business processes. ComputingComputing has many concepts of process. Program executionIn computing, a computer process is a running instance of a program, including all variables and other states. A multitasking operating system switches between processes to give the appearance of simultaneous execution, though in fact, in general, only one process can be executing per CPU core. Some new processors, such as Intel's Pentium 4 with Hyperthreading capability, can actually execute two processes at a time, because some parts of the core are doubled. More companies announced development of multicore processors. Software developmentA software development process is a sequence of steps that practitioners and managers take to create software. The steps usually include requirements analysis, programming, testing, and other steps. Different processes mix the steps together in different ways, and assign responsibility to people in different ways. The CMM is a meta-process that defines rigid goals up front, and emphasizes scientific management. Some dislike its emphasis on paperwork. Agile processes take the opposite approach, making things flexible. In SSADM a process is a part of a data flow diagram, and represents an action performed on the data. Information system developmentIn the context of Information System Development a process is performed to produce a product. Such processes are also called techniques. Products represent what shall be constructed, e.g. class diagrams, state charts, and so on. Processes (techniques) are the procedures which describe in what order the construction of the products shall be performed, e.g. “at first, identify classes and objects” to construct a class diagram, “identify states”, and so on. In [Rolland1993] the term process is defined as “a related set of activities conducted to the specific purpose of product definition”. Both together, the set of products and their corresponding processes/techniques form a Method [Saeki] [Rolland1998]. Processes of the same nature are classified together into a Process Model. References
EngineeringSemiconductor devicesIn the electronics industry, especially for those building ICs, some technologists can be referred to as process engineers as contrasted to 'design engineers'. The project would be collaborative; the process engineers might be considered responsible for realizing a physical circuit design which might have been laid out and simulated by the design engineers. Thus the process engineers would specialize in the materials and processes of semiconductor fabrication. Chemical engineeringA chemical process is a series of unit operations used to produce a material in large quantities. In the chemical industry, chemical engineers will use the following to define or illustrate a process:
PhilosophyIn philosophy and systems theory, basic processes, or logical homologies as they were termed by Ludwig von Bertalanffy, are unifying principles which operate in many different systemic contexts. For example, feedback is a principle that figures prominently in the science of cybernetics. Natural and industrial processes utilize basic processes such as feedback. There is a philosophical system known as process philosophy, created by Alfred North Whitehead; related to this is process theology. References
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Processes in ScienceAny method (or event) that results in a transformation in a physical or biological object, a substance or an organism, is a process in science. Some example of such processes are: activation, combustion, crystallization, centrifugation, diffraction, dispersion, distillation, electrolysis, electrophoresis, emulsification, evaporation, hydrolysis, nuclear fission, nuclear fusion, oxidation, phosphorescence, pyrolysis, reduction, reflection, refraction, scattering, sedimentation, sublimation are a few examples of common processes in physical sciences. Similarly, birth, cell division, fermentation, fertilization, germination, growth, geotropism, heliotropism, hybridization, metamorphosis, photosynthesis, transpiration are a few examples of biological processess. See also
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