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For other uses, see Polaris (disambiguation).
Alpha Ursae Minoris

Polaris as seen by the Hubble Space Telescope. NASA photo.
Observation data
Epoch J2000
Constellation Ursa Minor
Right ascension 02h 31m 48.7s
Declination +89° 15′ 51″
Apparent magnitude (V) 1.97
Characteristics
Spectral type F7 Ib-II SB
B-V color index 0.60
U-B color index 0.38
Variable type Cepheid variable
Astrometry
Radial velocity (Rv) -17 km/s
Proper motion (μ) RA: 44.22 mas/yr
Dec.: -11.74 mas/yr
Parallax (π) 7.56 ± 0.48 mas
Distance 431 ly (132 pc)
Absolute magnitude (MV) -3.64
Details
Mass 6 M
Radius 30 R
Luminosity 2200 L
Temperature 7000 K
Metallicity  ?
Rotation ~17 km/s
Age  ? years
Other designations
Polaris, Cynosura, Alruccabah, Phoenice, Lodestar, Pole Star, Tramontana, Angel Stern, Navigatoria, Star of Arcady, Yilduz, Mismar, Polyarnaya, 1 Ursae Minoris, HR 424, BD +88°8, HD 8890, SAO 308, FK5 907, GC 2243, ADS 1477, CCDM 02319+8915, HIP 11767.

Polaris (α UMi / α Ursae Minoris / Alpha Ursae Minoris) is the brightest star in the constellation Ursa Minor. It is very close to the north celestial pole (42″ away), making it the current northern pole star.

Contents

  • 1 Name
    • 1.1 Physical properties
  • 2 Pole Star
  • 3 In fiction
  • 4 External links

Name

"Polaris" comes from Stella Polaris, the Latin form of its common name "Pole Star." The rarely used Greek name Cynosura (Κυνόσουρα) means "tail of the dog" and is the source of the English word cynosure. Other names include the "North Star", the "Lode Star", or sometimes "Polaris Borealis".

Physical properties

Polaris is a trinary system, consisting of a large yellow Cepheid variable (α UMi A), distantly (about 2700 AU or 380 billion km) orbited by a bright yellow dwarf (α UMi B). Polaris B can be seen with even a modest telescope and was first noticed by William Herschel in 1780. In 1929, it was discovered by examining the spectrum of Polaris A that it had another very close dwarf companion (variously α UMi P, α UMi a or α UMi Ab). In January 2006, NASA released images from the Hubble telescope, directly showing all three members of the Polaris trinary system. The nearer dwarf star is in an orbit of only 20 AU (3 billion km) from Polaris A, explaining why its light is swamped by its close and much brighter companion.

Polaris is 431 light years (132 pc) from Earth, according to astrometric measurements of the Hipparcos satellite. Concerning the detailed physics, α UMi A is an F7 supergiant (Ib) or bright giant (II). The two smaller companions are: α UMi B an F3V main sequence star, orbiting in 2700 AU distance, and C a very close dwarf on a 20 AU orbit.

The main star is a Population II star (typical for the "old" galactic halo) and a cepheid variable, the pulsations of which cause it to cycle steadily. Around [[1900], the star varied ± 8% relating to the average luminosity (0.15 magnitudes in total) with a 3.97 day period. As of 2005, the variations are about 2% from peak to trough. Further the star is about 15% brighter (on average) than it was in 1900, and the period has lengthened by about 8 seconds each year.

Recent research reported in Science suggests that Polaris is 2.5 times brighter today than when Ptolemy observed it (now 2mag, antiquity 3mag?). The astronomer Edward Guinan considers this to be a remarkable rate of change and is on record as saying that "If they are real, these changes are 100 times larger than [those] predicted by current theories of stellar evolution".

Pole Star

Because α UMi lies nearly in a direct line with the axis of the Earth's rotation "above" the North Pole — the north celestial pole — Polaris stands almost motionless on the sky, and all the stars of the Northern sky appear to rotate around it. Therefore, it makes an excellent fixed point from which to draw measurements for celestial navigation and for astrometry. The antiquity of its use is attested by the fact that it is found represented on the earliest known Assyrian tablets. At present, Polaris is 0.7° away from the pole of rotation (1.4 times the Moon disc) and hence revolves around the pole in a small circle 1½° in diameter. Only twice during every sidereal day does Polaris accurately define the true north azimuth; the rest of the time it is only an approximation and must be corrected using tables or a rough rule of thumb.

Although Shakespeare wrote "I am as constant as the northern star", Polaris will not always be the pole star. This is due to precession of the equinox over thousands of years. Other stars have been the pole star in the past and will be again in the future, including Thuban and Vega.

Polaris is due to become an even more accurate pole star in the near future — the distance between Polaris and the pole will reach a minimum (of just under 1/2 degree) in 2100.

In the Northern Hemisphere, it is easy to find Polaris by following the line traced from Merak to Dubhe (β and α Ursae Majoris, also known as the Pointers), the two stars at the end of the bowl of the Big Dipper. One can also follow the central point of the W shape of Cassiopeia. Polaris is not visible from the Southern Hemisphere except from a position high up the equator.

Polaris's fame as the North Star has given rise to a persistent misconception that it is the brightest star in the sky. Although Polaris is a relatively bright star and is conspicuous since no other stars of similar brightness are close to it, it is nowhere near the brightest; it is actually the 46th brightest star in the night sky. The brightest star in the sky (besides the Sun) is Sirius (see Winter sky and List of brightest stars).

There is no real southern pole star. The only star visible to the naked eye that is close to the south celestial pole is the dim Sigma Octantis, sometimes called Polaris Australis. However, the bright Southern Cross (Crux) points fairly accurately towards the south celestial pole.

In fiction

In astrology Polaris is one of the Behenian fixed stars and has the symbol .

Polaris' role as the North Star (a signifance attached to it not least by somewhat outdated thinking) has led to it figuring in fiction as well. Among other mentions, Polaris, in DC Comics, is the star around which Thanagar — home planet of the Hawks — orbits.

External links

  • Info on Polaris
  • Polaris: astrometric orbit, position, and proper motion
  • Polaris   Finding Polaris, its place on the Alaska flag and the story of Benny Benson, who designed that flag.
  • Polaris Ab imaged by Hubble

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This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "polaris".