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Universal health care is a health care system in which all residents of a geographic or political entity are covered, regardless of medical condition[1].

Contents

  • 1 What is covered under universal health care
  • 2 How are universal health care systems funded
  • 3 What does "single-payer" mean?
  • 4 Countries with universal health care
  • 5 Support for universal health care
  • 6 Opposition to universal health care
  • 7 References
  • 8 See also
    • 8.1 Examples
    • 8.2 Related topics
  • 9 External links
    • 9.1 Supporting universal health care
    • 9.2 Opposing universal health care
    • 9.3 Neutral

What is covered under universal health care

Universal health care systems vary in what services are covered completely, covered partially, or not covered at all. Some of these services may include "medically necessary" services from physicians, physical therapy, occupational therapy, mammography screenings, immunization services, treatment of sexually transmitted diseases, HIV testing, optometry and opticianry services, alcohol and drug abuse treatment and rehabilitation services, mental health services, gambling addiction services, dentistry services, prescription drugs, medical supplies and appliances, podiatry services, chiropractic services, emergency medical transportation, nursing home care, home care services[2].

How are universal health care systems funded

The majority of universal health care systems are funded primarily by tax revenue. Some nations, such as Germany and France, employ a multi-payer system in which health care is funded by private and public contributions [3].

What does "single-payer" mean?

The term, "single-payer," refers to a health care system in which only one entity is billed for all medical costs, typically a government-run universal health care agency or department[4]. Instead of billing the patient directly, government agencies (such as Medicare or DSHS), and any number of private insurance companies, a doctor or pharmacist need only bill the universal health care agency. A system does not necessarily require the "single-payer" component in order to be classified as universal health care; however, even more conservative universal health care proposals typically offer at least a hybrid single-payer approach that allows doctors the option to route all billing through a single channel. This service is also offered in the private sector by entities known as "cash flow companies" in the medical billing industry. Such entities provide the benefit of single-payer, including reduced paperwork and guaranteed payment. However, these benefits are often neutralized by the fees associated with employing a cash flow company's services. Such fees typically would not exist in a government-run universal health care system, since a government agency does not need to concern itself with turning a profit.

Countries with universal health care

Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Cuba, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Great Britain, Japan, The Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Seychelles[5], South Africa, Spain, Sweden, Taiwan, and The United Kingdom are among many countries that have various types of universal health care systems [3][6]

Support for universal health care

  • Health care is a right.[7][6]
  • Provides coverage to all citizens.[8]
  • Health care increasingly unaffordable for businesses and individuals.[8]
  • People suffering from chronic, potentially fatal illness are not discouraged from seeking medical care as they are under a privatized system.[9]
  • Simply having more wealth and privilege should not make someone more deserving of quality medical care in the eyes of an enlightened society.[9]
  • Reduces wastefulness and inefficiencies in the delivery of health care.[8]
  • A centralized national database makes diagnosis and treatment easier for doctors.[8]
  • Low-income parents have to choose between putting food on the table or taking their sick child to the doctor under a privatized system.[9]
  • Medical professionals can concentrate on treating patients rather than on administrative duties.[8]
  • Encourages patients to seek preventive care enabling problems to be detected and treated earlier.[8]
  • Private insurance companies are more concerned with maximizing profit than they are with providing adequite, honest coverage to the insured.[9]

Opposition to universal health care

  • Health care is not a right.[10][11]
  • Increased waiting times occur due to increased demand.[10]
  • Poorer quality of care.[10]
  • Unequal access and health disparities still exist in some universal health care systems.[10]
  • Government agencies are less efficient due to bureaucracy.[8][10]
  • Must be funded with higher taxes and/or spending cuts in other areas.[8]
  • Profit motives, competition, and individual ingenuity lead to greater cost control and effectiveness.[8]
  • Government-controlled health care leads to a decrease in patient flexibility.[8]
  • Citizens do not curb their drug costs and doctor visits; thus increasing costs.[8]
  • Uninsured citizens can sometimes still receive health and emergency care from alternative sources such as nonprofits and government-run hospitals.[8]
  • Government-mandated procedures reduce doctor flexibility and lead to poor patient care.[8]
  • Healthy people who take care of themselves have to pay for the burden of those who smoke, are obese, etc.[8]
  • Causes loss of insurance industry jobs and other business closures in the private sector.[8]
  • Loss of private practice options and possible reduced pay dissuades many would-be doctors from pursuing the profession.[8]

References

  1. ↑ Massachusetts Nursing Association. "Single Payer Health Care: A Nurses Guide to Single Payer Reform."
  2. ↑ Saskatchewan Health. "Coverage".
  3. ↑ a b Physicians for a National Health Program"International Health Systems".
  4. ↑ Physicians for a National Health Program"What is Single Payer?".
  5. ↑ Ministry of Health - Seychelles
  6. ↑ a b National Health Care for the Homeless Council. "Human Rights, Homelessness and Health Care".
  7. ↑ Center for Economic and Social Rights. "The Right to Health in the United States of America: What Does it Mean?" October 29, 2004.
  8. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Messerli, Joe. "Should the Government Provide Free Universal Health Care for All Americans?" BalancedPolitics.org. March 1, 2006.
  9. ↑ a b c d Craig, Kristopher D. "Why I'm Doing This" Citizens for Universal Health Care: CraigBlog. February 13th, 2006.
  10. ↑ a b c d e Goodman, John. "Five Myths of Socialized Medicine." Cato Institute: Cato's Letter. Winter, 2005.
  11. ↑ Sade RM. "Medical care as a right: a refutation." N Engl J Med. 1971 Dec 2;285(23):1288-92. PMID 5113728. (Reprinted as "The Political Fallacy that Medical Care is a Right.")

See also

Examples

  • Medicare (Australia)
  • Medicare (Canada)
  • National Health Service (United Kingdom)

Related topics

  • Health insurance
  • Health savings account
  • Medical savings account
  • Publicly-funded medicine
  • Two-tier health care

External links

Supporting universal health care

  • Citizens for Universal Health Care (CUHC)
  • American Medical Student Association (AMSA)
  • Connecticut Coalition for Universal Health Care
  • Physicians for a National Health Program (PNHP)
  • Universal Health Care Action Network (UHCAN)

Opposing universal health care

  • Americans for Free Choice in Medicine (AFCM)
  • Capitalism Magazine
  • CATO Institute

Neutral

  • BalancedPolitics.org - "Should the Government Provide Free Universal Health Care for All Americans?"

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