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This article is about the French city. For other usages, see Lyon (disambiguation) and Lyons (disambiguation).


Ville de Lyon
(City flag) (City coat of arms)
City motto: Avant, avant, Lion le melhor.
(Franco-Provençal: Forward, forward, Lyon the best)
City proper (commune)
Région Rhône-Alpes
Département Rhône (69)
Mayor Gérard Collomb
(PS) (since 2001)
Land area 47.87 km²
Population
(July 1, 2004 estimate)
(March 8, 1999 census)
(Ranked 3rd)
465,300
445,452
Density (2004) 9,720/km²
Subdivisions 9 arrondissements
Metropolitan area (aire urbaine)
Communes (1999) 296
Land area (1999) 3,306 km²
Population
(March 8, 1999 census)
(Ranked 2nd)
1,648,216
Annual growth +0.68 % (in the 1990s)
Density (1999) 499/km²
Intercommunality
  - president

Urban Community of Lyon
Gérard Collomb
(PS) (since 2001)
Miscellaneous
Twin cities Birmingham (UK)
Saint Louis (USA)
Frankfurt (Germany)
Milan (Italy)
Guangzhou (China)
Beersheba (Israel)
Three of the main sights in Lyon, the Cathedral St-Jean, the Basilica Notre Dame de Fourviere, and the Tour métallique de Fourvière

Lyon (often Lyons in English) (pronounced /ljɔ̃/ in French) is a city in east central France. Location: 45°46′1″N, 4°50′3″E.

Together with its suburbs and satellite towns, Lyon forms the second largest metropolitan area in France after Paris, with 1,648,216 inhabitants at the 1999 census, and approximately the 20th to 25th largest metropolitan area of Western Europe.

Lyon is the capital of the Rhône-Alpes région, and the préfecture (capital) of the Rhône département.

The city gave its name to the Lyonnais province, of which it was the capital. Today the region around Lyon is still known as Lyonnais (French: le Lyonnais), or sometimes even as the Lyonnaise Region (French: Région Lyonnaise). Lyonnaise Region is an unofficial, popular name, not to be confused with the administrative région of Rhône-Alpes, which is much larger than the Lyonnaise Region.

Lyon is also the international headquarters of Interpol.

Contents

  • 1 Geography
  • 2 Administration
  • 3 History
  • 4 Culture
    • 4.1 UNESCO World Heritage Site
    • 4.2 Religion
  • 5 Colleges and universities
  • 6 Buildings and Structures
  • 7 Transportation
    • 7.1 Air
    • 7.2 Rail
    • 7.3 Intercity Coach
    • 7.4 Public Transportation
    • 7.5 Vélo'v
  • 8 Miscellaneous
    • 8.1 Born in Lyon
    • 8.2 Twinning
    • 8.3 Musical reference
  • 9 Bibliography
  • 10 External links

Geography

Lyon's geography is dominated by the Rhône and Saône rivers which converge to the south of historic city centre forming a sort of peninsula or "presqu'ile"; two large hills, one to the west and one to the north of the historic city centre; and a large plain which sprawls westward for the historic city centre.

To the west is the Fourvière, known as "the hill that prays", is the location for the highly decorated Notre-Dame de Fourvière basilica, several convents, the palace of the Archbishop, the Tour métallique (a highly visible TV tower, replicating the last stage of the Eiffel Tower) and a funicular.

To the north is the Croix-Rousse, "the hill that works", was traditionally home to the many small silk workshops, an industry for which the city was renowned.

The original medieval city (Vieux Lyon) was built on the west bank of the Saône river at the foot of the Fourvière hill, west of the presqu'ile. (This area, along with portions of the presqu'ile and much of the Croix-Rousse are recognized as a UNESCO World Heritage Site, see below.)

On the peninsula (presqu'ile) between the rivers Rhône and Saône, is the third largest public square in France, and one of the largest in Europe, the Place Bellecour. Specifically, it is the largest clear square (i.e., without any patches of greenery, trees or any other kind of obstacles) in Europe.

East of the Rhône from the presqu'ile is a large area of flat ground upon which sits much of modern Lyon and most of the city's population.

Situated in this area is the urban center of Part-Dieu which clusters the former Credit Lyonnais Tower (central France's only skyscraper), the Part-Dieu shopping centre, and Lyon's main rail terminal, Lyon Part-Dieu.

North of this district is the relatively wealthy sixth arrondissement which is home to the Parc de la tête d'or, one of Europe's largest urban parks, and Interpol's headquarters.

Place Bellcour in Central Lyon, seen from the Fourvière hill

Administration

Lyon is the capital of the Rhône-Alpes région, the préfecture of the Rhône département, and the capital of 14 cantons, covering 1 commune, and with a total population of 445,452 (1999).

Lyon, similarly to Marseille and Paris is divided into 9 municipal arrondissements (often translated into English as borough), referred to by number. The arrondissements were originally created in 1852 when a number of surrounding communes (Croix-Rousse, Guillotière, and Vaise) were annexed to Lyon. Within each arrondissement, there are a number of recognisable "quartiers" or neighborhoods:

  • 1st arrondissement: Pentes de la Croix-Rousse, Les Terreaux, Saint-Vincent
  • 2nd arrondissement: Cordeliers, Bellecour, Ainay, Perrache et Confluent
  • 3rd arrondissement: La Part-Dieu, La Villette, Montchat, La Guillotière
  • 4th arrondissement: La Croix-Rousse, Serin
  • 5th arrondissement: Saint-Jean- Saint-Paul - Saint-Georges (Vieux Lyon), Saint-Just, Fourvière, Le Point-du-Jour, Ménival, Champvert, La Sarra, Saint-Irénée
  • 6th arrondissement: Les Brotteaux, Bellecombe, Tête d'Or
  • 7th arrondissement: La Guillotière, Gerland, La Mouche
  • 8th arrondissement: Monplaisir, Le Bachut, Mermoz, Les États-Unis, Le Grand Trou, Moulin à Vent, Laënnec
  • 9th arrondissement: Vaise, La Duchère, Saint-Rambert-l'Île-Barbe

History

Main article for early history: Lugdunum.

Lyon was founded as a Roman colony in 43 BC by Munatius Plancus, a lieutenant of Caesar, on the site of a Gaulish hill-fort settlement called Lug[o]dunon—from the Celtic sun god Lugus ('Light', cognate to Old Irish Lugh, Modern Irish ) and dúnon (hill-fort). The name was latinised as Lugdunum; Lug was equated by the Romans to Mercurius. Lug's 'totem' was a cock (rooster), hence the Modern French association with 'le coq'.

The three parts of Gaul mentioned by Caesar met at Lyon. Agrippa recognized that Lugdunum's position on the natural highway from northern to south-eastern France made it a natural communications hub, and he made Lyon the starting point of the principal Roman roads throughout Gaul. It then became the capital of Gaul, partly thanks to its fortunate site at the convergence of two navigable rivers, and quickly became the main city of Gaul. Two emperors were born in this city: Claudius and Caracalla.

The Christians in Lyon were persecuted for their religious views under the reigns of the Roman emperors Marcus Aurelius and Septimus Severus. The great Christian bishop of Lyon in the 2nd century was the Easterner Irenaeus.

Burgundian refugees from the destruction of Worms by Huns in 437 were resettled by the military commander of the west, Aëtius, at Lugdunum, which was formally the capital of the new Burgundian kingdom by 461.

In 843, by the Treaty of Verdun, Lyon, with the country beyond the Saône, went to Lothair I.

Fernand Braudel remarked, "Historians of Lyon are not sufficiently aware of the bi-polarity between Paris and Lyon, which is a constant structure in French development" from the late Middle Ages to the Industrial Revolution (Braudel 1984 p. 327). The fairs in Lyon, the invention of Italian merchants, made it the economic countinghouse of France in the late 15th century. When international banking moved to Genoa, then Amsterdam, Lyon simply became the banking center of France; its new Bourse (treasury), built in 1749, still resembled a public bazaar where accounts were settled in the open air. During the Renaissance, the city developed with the silk trade, especially with Italy; the Italian influence on Lyon's architecture can still be seen. Thanks to the silk trade, Lyon became an important industrial town during the 19th century.

Lyon was a scene of mass violence against Huguenots in the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacres in 1572.

The silk workers of Lyon, known as canuts, staged two major uprisings: in 1831 and 1834. The 1831 uprising saw one of the first recorded uses of the black flag as an emblem of protest.

Lyon was a centre for the occupying German forces and also a stronghold of resistance during World War II, and the town is now home to a resistance museum. (See also Klaus Barbie.) The traboules, or secret passages, through the houses enabled the local people to escape Gestapo raids.

Culture

The Fete de Lumière expresses gratitude to the Virgin Mary.

Lyon was an early center for printing books, and nurtured a circle of 16th century poets. For several centuries Lyon has been known as the capital of gastronomy, fine handweaving, and the silk trade. The Lumière brothers invented cinema in the town in 1895. December 8 each year is marked by "la Fête de la Lumière" (the Festival of Lights), a celebration of thanks to the Virgin Mary, who purportedly saved the city from a deadly plague in the Middle Ages. During the event, the local population places candles in their windows and the city of Lyon organizes and projects impressive large-scale light shows onto the sides of important Lyonais monuments, such as the mediaeval Cathédral St-Jean.

Two of France's best known wine-growing regions are located near Lyon: the Beaujolais to the North, and the Côtes du Rhône to the South.

UNESCO World Heritage Site

The Saint-Jean and the Croix-Rousse areas, which are noted for their narrow passageways (traboules) that pass through buildings and link the streets either side, were designated UNESCO World Heritage Sites in 1998.

A photograph from Fourvière

Religion

The Roman Catholic Archbishop of the city holds the honorary title "Primate of the Gauls" (Primat des Gaules). The archdiocese dates to Roman times before Franks entered modern France (see history above).

The red vestments of the canons of Lyon are said to have given rise to red becoming the signature color of the cardinals, in a decree promulgated under Pope Innocent IV at the First Council of Lyons, 1245.

Colleges and universities

  • CPE Lyon
  • École Centrale de Lyon
  • EM Lyon (École de Management de Lyon)
  • École Normale Supérieure de Lyon
  • École Normale Supérieure Lettres et Sciences Humaines
  • École Nationale des beaux-arts de Lyon
  • Institut National des Sciences Appliquées de Lyon
  • Institut d'études politiques de Lyon
  • Institution des Chartreux http://www.leschartreux.com
  • Université Jean Moulin (Lyon III)
  • Université Claude Bernard (Lyon I)
  • Université Louis Lumière (Lyon II)
  • Université Catholique de Lyon
  • ESDES Business School
  • École Nationale des Travaux Publics de l'État
  • La Martiniere Lyons

Buildings and Structures

  • Tour métallique de Fourvière, 1894
  • La Mouche Cattle Market and Abbatoir, 1914, 1928, Tony Garnier, architect
  • Sainte Marie de La Tourette monastery, 1960, Le Corbusier, architect
  • Satolas Airport, 1975. Guillaume Gilbert, architect
  • Opéra National de Lyon, renovation and expansion 1993, Jean Nouvel, architect
  • Lyon Airport Railway Station, 1994, Santiago Calatrava, architect
  • Cité Internationale, 1998, Renzo Piano, architect
  • Cathédrale Saint-Jean
  • Basilica Notre-Dame de Fourvière

Transportation

Air

Airport: Saint-Exupéry International Airport

Rail

Lyon is connected to the North (Lille, Paris) and the South (Marseille, Montpellier) by the TGV. It was the first city to be connected by the TGV c. 1982.

Lyon has two major train stations: Lyon-Part-Dieu, which was built to accommodate the TGV and has become the principal train station for extra-regional trains; whereas Lyon-Perrache is an older station that now primarily serves regional rail transport. Smaller train stations include Gorge de Loup, Vaise and Venissieux.

Intercity Coach

Lyon is served by the Eurolines intercity coach organisation. Its Lyon terminal is located at the Lyon-Perrache train station.

Public Transportation

Metro: see Lyon Metro

The TCL, Lyon's Public Transport (French:Transport en Commun Lyonnais) serves 62 communes of the Lyons agglomeration and constitutes the second grid system jointly French. In addition to the extensive metro and bus system, Lyon has a tramway system.

Vélo'v

A Vélo'v station, in front of one of Lyon's numerous Trompe l'oeils A photo, waterside in Lyon

Lyon has a public bicycle network of 2000 bikes which can be picked up and dropped off at points around the city. Known as Vélo'v, it is owned and operated by the advertising company JCDecaux, which refers to it as Cyclocity. The system was introduced in May 2005 and was a huge success in its first few months of operation. Despite occasional problems with the technology infrastructure or lack of cards in vending machines, it seems to have been adopted as a viable means of public transport.

Miscellaneous

Born in Lyon

The long list of notable Lyonnais includes:

  • Louise Labé, 16th century poet
  • François Rabelais, 16th century writer
  • Shlomo Aviner, renowned Religious Zionist rabbi
  • Tiberius Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus, Roman emperor
  • Pierre Puvis de Chavannes, painter
  • Fr. André Coindre, founder of the order of the Brothers of the Sacred Heart
  • Jules Favre, republican statesman
  • Tony Garnier, architect and utopian planner
  • Antoine de Saint-Exupéry, aviation pioneer and writer
  • Marie-France Gaîté (la Gribouille), singer
  • Maurice Jarre, composer
  • Jean-Michel Jarre, musician
  • Bishop Mathias Loras, the first Bishop of the Dubuque, Iowa Diocese.
  • Henri Cochet, tennis player
  • Youri Djorkaeff, football player
  • Raymond Domenech, trainer French football team
  • Bertrand Tavernier, movies director
  • Caracalla, IIIrd century roman emperor
  • Bernard Pivot, journalist
  • Hector Guimard, Art Nouveau architect

Twinning

Lyon is twinned with:

  • Birmingham, Great Britain, 1951 Birmingham's Partner City page
  • Guangzhou, China, 1988
  • Milan, Italy, 1966
  • Saint Louis, United States, 1975
  • Frankfurt, Germany, 1960
  • Yokohama, Japan, 1959 Yokohama's Sister City page

Musical reference

  • A historical article about a 19th century flood inspired the 1979 song The Flood at Lyons by Renaissance.

In the Marillion song Bitter Suite from "Misplaced Childhood" there is a reference to Lyon.

Bibliography

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Lyon
  • Lyon town hall
  • Tourist information
  • TooLYON
  • Lyon Websites
  • Lyon Partner cities
  • Musée de l'Imprimerie de Lyon: one of the major printing history museums of Europe, with the Gutenburg at Mainz and the Plantin at Antwerp -- the Museum offers exhibits & conferences & classes for both adults and children -- occupies a beautiful old building (former city hall) in central Lyon.
  • Institut de l'Histoire du Livre: website resources and classes and lectures, many in English, on the History of the Book -- Lyon's role in this and also generally.
  • Objectif Lyon Pictures and descriptions of the monuments
  • Lyon City Guide History, photos, descriptions of churches and other religious sites, and travel information.
  • Maps including public transport

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