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"Jacksonville" redirects here. For other uses, see Jacksonville (disambiguation).

Jacksonville is a city located in Duval County, Florida, USA. It is the county seat of Duval County ^GR6. As of 2004, the population recorded by the U.S. Census Bureau is 777,704[1]. It is the principal city of the First Coast region of Florida.

Geographically, it has the greatest land area of any city in the contiguous 48 states of the United States. Its population is also the largest among Florida cities and 12th amongst cities in the United States, surpassing Indianapolis in 2006. Jacksonville also has the distinction of being the largest city in the South outside of Texas. The Jacksonville metropolitan area reached over one million residents in 1996.

The governments of Jacksonville and Duval County are consolidated. It is commonly believed that all areas of Duval County are also part of Jacksonville—in other words, that the boundaries of Jacksonville and Duval County are coextensive. However, this is not quite accurate. The communities of Baldwin, Neptune Beach, Atlantic Beach and Jacksonville Beach, while existing within Duval County, lie outside of the city limits of Jacksonville. In addition, these communities have their own municipal governments as well.

The total area of Jacksonville is 874.3 square miles (2,264.5 km²), 757.7 square miles excluding water (1,962.4 km²). Jacksonville was originally named Cowford because the St. Johns River is narrow there, allowing cattlemen to ford (herd cows across the river). The city was renamed in 1822 for the first territorial governor of Florida and the future 7th U.S. President, Andrew Jackson. Jacksonville is sometimes abbreviated as Jax, an abbreviation used throughout Florida since at least the 1950s.^[2] The abbreviation has also referred to Jacksonville International Airport since its opening in the mid-1960s, where it is used on luggage tags attached to baggage entering the airport.

History

Main article: History of Jacksonville, Florida

The history of Jacksonville begins with the evidence of habitation from over 6,000 years ago by the Timucua; their largest town in the area was Ossachite, which stood in what is now downtown. In 1562, the French Huguenot explorer Jean Ribault charted the St. Johns River, the first European expedition to the area. René Goulaine de Laudonnière established the first European settlement at Fort Caroline two years later; it was taken by the Spanish in 1565 and ultimately abandoned in 1569. The first permanent settlement was founded as "Cow Ford" in 1791. Florida became a territory of the United States in 1821, and Cow Ford soon acquired the name "Jacksonville" after territorial governor and future US President Andrew Jackson. US settlers led by Isaiah D. Hart drew up a charter for a town government in the early 1830s; it was approved by the Florida Legislative Council on February 9, 1832.

Jacksonville was blockaded by the Union during the Civil War. It changed hands several times, although never with a battle. The closest civil war site is Olustee. Though no battles were fought in Jacksonville, the city was nonetheless left in a position of considerable disrepair after the war.

During Reconstruction and afterward, Jacksonville and nearby St. Augustine became popular winter resorts for the rich and famous. Visitors arrived by steamboat and later by railroad. This ended eventually as the rail lines were extended even farther south to Miami and Palm Beach. Tourism, and the city as a whole, was dealt another blow by major yellow fever outbreaks in 1886 and 1888. In the absence of scientific knowledge concerning the causes of yellow fever, nearly half of the city's panicked residents fled despite the imposition of quarantines.

As if to further exacerbate the problem, on May 2, 1901, hot ash from a shantyhouse's chimney landed on the drying moss at Cleaveland's Fiber Factory. At half past noon most of the Cleaveland workers were at lunch, but by the time they returned the entire city block was engulfed in flames. The fire destroyed the business district and rendered 10,000 residents homeless in the course of eight hours. The fire is known as the "Great Fire of 1901". Famed New York architect Henry Klutho helped rebuild the city after the devastation. Another fire in 1963 devastated the historic Hotel Roosevelt.

Despite this, the motion picture industry took a liking to Jacksonville in the early 1900s. This was spurred by the warm climate, excellent rail access, and the lack of tourists (most visited Miami by this time) meant prices and labor were cheap. The city earned the title of the "Winter Film Capital of the World". By the early 1910s, Jacksonville hosted over 30 studios employing over 1000 actors. However, an unfavorable political climate forced the industry out of Jacksonville to California, where it largely still operates today.

During World War II, Naval Air Station Jacksonville ("NAS Jax") on the westside, the first navy installation in the city, was used as a major training center. Over 20,000 pilots and aircrewmen were being trained there. After the war, the Navy's Blue Angels were originally established at NAS Jax, but soon after moved to NAS Pensacola. Today, NAS Jax is the third largest navy installation in the country and employs over 23,000 civilian and active-duty personnel.

Jacksonville has a history of racial segregation and violence. This reached its zenith with an event known as "Ax Handle Saturday". On August 27, 1960, a group of white men (who allegedly were also members of the Ku Klux Klan) armed with baseball bats and ax handles attacked civil rights protesters conducting sit-ins at segregated downtown restaurants. The violence spread, and the white mob started attacking all African-Americans in sight. Witnesses stated that the police did not make an attempt to stop the violence. Over the next thirty years, as in most of the South, Jacksonville experienced improvements in racial relations. This was most marked in the municipal elections of 1995, when—in a major upset that made national news—Nat Glover, a veteran of the local police force, was elected Sheriff of Duval County. Glover proved to be extremely popular and was re-elected in 1999. In 2003, he was defeated in his attempt to become Jackonville's first African-American mayor.

Geography and climate

Geography

Jacksonville is located at 30°19'10" North, 81°39'36" West (30.319406, -81.659999)^GR1.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 2,264.5 km² (874.3 mi²). 1,962.4 km² (757.7 mi²) of it is land and 302.1 km² (116.7 mi²) of it is water. The total area is 13.34% water.

Climate

Jacksonville has mild weather during winters and hot weather during summers. High temperatures average 50 to 90°F (10-32°C) throughout the year. High heat indices are not uncommon for the summer months in the Jacksonville area. High Temperatures can reach mid to high 90s with heat index ranges of 105-115 °F. The highest temperature ever recorded in Jacksonville was 105°F (43°C) on July 21, 1942. It is common for daily thunderstorms to erupt during a standard summer afternoon. These are caused by the heating of the land and water, combined with extremely high humidity.

Conversely, the area can experience many freezes and hard freezes during the night at winter's peak. Occasionally, very cold weather can occur, although it is usually short lived. The coldest temperature recorded in Jacksonville was 7°F (-14°C) on January 21, 1985, a day that most locations in the eastern half of the US remember as the coldest day ever. Very rarely, the area will see snow, though when this happens the snow will usually melt before it touches the ground.

Jacksonville has suffered less damage from hurricanes than other east coast cities, but the city has experienced hurricane or near-hurricane conditions more than a dozen times since 1871.[3] The strongest effect on Jacksonville was from Hurricane Dora in 1964, the only recorded storm to hit the First Coast with sustained hurricane force winds. The eye crossed St. Augustine, with winds that had just barely diminished to 110 mph, making it a strong Category 2 on the Saffir-Simpson Scale.

Rainfall averages around 52 inches a year, with the wetter months being June through September.

People and culture

Demographics

As of the census^GR2 of 2000, there were 735,617 people, 284,499 households, and 190,614 families residing in the city. The population density was 374.9/km² (970.9/mi²). There were 308,826 housing units at an average density of 157.4/km² (407.6/mi²). The racial makeup of the city was 64.48% White, 29.03% Black or African American, 0.34% Native American, 2.78% Asian, 0.06% Pacific Islander, 1.33% from other races, and 1.99% from two or more races. 4.16% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.

There were 284,499 households out of which 33.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 46.7% were married couples living together, 16.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 33.0% were non-families. 26.2% of all households were made up of individuals and 7.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.53 and the average family size was 3.07.

In the city, the population was spread out with 26.7% under the age of 18, 9.7% from 18 to 24, 32.3% from 25 to 44, 21.0% from 45 to 64, and 10.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 34 years. For every 100 females there were 93.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 90.6 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $40,316, and the median income for a family was $47,243. Males had a median income of $32,547 versus $25,886 for females. The per capita income for the city was $20,337. 12.2% of the population and 9.4% of families were below the poverty line. 16.7% of those under the age of 18 and 12.0% of those 65 and older were living below the poverty line.

Annual cultural events and fairs

Jacksonville is home to a number of annual cultural events. Popular music festivals held every year include the Jacksonville Jazz Festival, the second largest jazz festival in the nation, Come Together Day, a huge hip hop event, "Springing the Blues", Jacksonville Beach's free outdoor blues festival, and Planetfest, sponsored by local modern rock station WPLA.

The Greater Jacksonville Agricultural Fair is held every November at the Jacksonville Fairgrounds & Exposition Center, featuring an array of carnival rides, live entertainment, agriculture and livestock.

Citizens of Jacksonville and surrounding counties make their the way to the Jacksonville Riverwalk to be dazzled by fireworks. On the Fourth of July, with weather permitting, the city is the site of one of the largest fireworks displays in the nation. Thousands gather at Metro Park, which is also the site of a Happy Birthday America Concert. On the night of New Year's Eve Jacksonville puts on a major fireworks-concert on the banks of the River to usher in the new year. The city's urban core is jammed pack with crowds and partiers who are poised to attend the Gator Bowl the next day. These fireworks shows make use of Jacksonville's beautiful downtown skyscrapers and its numerous colorful lit bridges as barges to create a festive atmosphere.

Museums and art collections

The Museum of Science and History (MOSH) is found on Jacksonville's Riverwalk, and features three stories of hands-on science and local history exhibits, including the Alexander Brest Planetarium.

The Jacksonville Museum of Modern Art (JMOMA), tracing its roots back to the formation of Jacksonville's Fine Arts Society in 1924, opened its 60,000 square foot facility in 2003. Located adjacent to the Main Library downtown, the museum features eclectic permanent and traveling exhibitions.

The Cummer Museum of Art and Gardens holds a large collection of European and American paintings. The beauty of The Cummer comes from its location on the St. Johns River and the gardens which surround the museum. The gardens are comprised of two acres of English and Italian style gardens. The Cummer is located just south of downtown in Riverside on the banks of the St. Johns River.

There are also several historical properties and items of interest in the area, including the Palm and Cycad Arboretum at Florida Community College at Jacksonville, the The Klutho Building at 1830 Main Street, and the The Old Morocco Temple Building.

Media

The Florida Times-Union is the major daily newspaper in Jacksonville. Another daily newspaper is The Daily Record. Popular magazines include Folio Weekly, Jacksonville Free Press, Jacksonville Business Journal, The Jacksonville Advocate, The Florida Star andJacksonville Magazine.

Jacksonville is served by television stations affiliated with major American networks including WTLV (NBC), WJXX (ABC), WTEV (CBS), WAWS (FOX/UPN), and WJWB (WB). PBS has two members stations in Jacksonville, WUFT, a Gainesville station available locally on cable, and WJCT. Some households also get WXGA, a PBS affiliate based in Waycross, Georgia. WJXT is a former longtime CBS affiliate that turned independent in 2002.

Jacksonville's Radio market is dominated by two large ownership groups: Cox Radio and Clear Channel. The dominant AM radio station (in terms of ratings) is WOKV 690, which has is also the flagship station for the Jacksonville Jaguars. The two most popular radio stations in regard to contemporary hits are WAPE 95.1 and WFKS 97.9. WJBT 92.7 is a hip-hop/R&B station, WPLA 107.3 is a modern rock and alternative music station, WFYV 104.5 - Rock 105 Jacksonville Classic rock, WQIK 99.1 is a country station as well as WGNE-FM 99.9 and WROO 93.3, WBGB 106.5 plays contemporary Christian music, WHJX 105.7 is a soul station, WFJO 92.5 plays music in Spanish like salsa, merengue, and reggaeton, and WJCT 89.9 is a local public radio station. See Radio Stations in Jacksonville, Florida for more radio stations in Jacksonville.

Parks and outdoor attractions

Jacksonville operates the largest urban park system in the United States, providing services at more than 337 locations on more than 80,000 acres located throughout the city. [5] Jacksonville gathers significant natural beauty from the St. Johns River and Atlantic Ocean. The Jacksonville Beaches area is a center of recreation and nightlife, and the many parks around the city have received international recognition. The city center includes the Jacksonville Landing shopping center and the Riverwalk. Downtown Jacksonville has a memorable skyline with the tallest building being the Bank of America Building, constructed in 1990 with a height of 617ft (188m). Other notable structures include the Modis Building (once the defining building in the Jacksonville skyline, owned by Independent Life) with its distinctive flared base, and the Riverplace Tower, which is the tallest pre-cast, post-tension concrete structure in the world.

The Jacksonville Zoological Gardens boast the second largest animal collection in the state. The zoo features elephants, lions, jaguars (with a new exhibit, Range of the Jaguar, hosted by the owners of the Jacksonville Jaguar owners, Delores and Wayne Weaver), a multitude of reptile houses, free flight aviaries, and many other animals.

Performing arts

The beautiful Florida Theatre, opened in 1927, is located in downtown Jacksonville and is one of only four remaining high-style movie palaces built in Florida during the Mediterranean Revival architectural boom of the 1920s. It features a variety of plays and concerts daily.

The Times-Union Center For The Performing Arts, originally erected as the Civic Auditorium in 1962, underwent a major renovation and construction in 1996, and today is comprised of three distinct halls built to house a variety of performing arts: the Jim & Jan Moran Theater, the Jacoby Symphony Hall, and the Terry Theater. This is also the home of the Jacksonville Symphony Orchestra, founded in 1949.

The Jacksonville Veterans Memorial Arena, completed in 2003, attracts national level entertainment that the city had previously missed out on. Music artists like KISS, Aerosmith, Elton John, Metallica, and Britney Spears have performed there, due to its 16,000 seats, 32 luxury suites and 1,100 club seats. It replaced the outdated Jacksonville Coliseum that was built in 1960 and demolished on June 26, 2003.

Sports

Jacksonville is home to a number of professional sports teams, the most famous of which is the Jacksonville Jaguars of the National Football League. With the exception of Green Bay (which looks at all of Wisconsin, including Milwaukee, as its market), Jacksonville is both the smallest market in the NFL and the smallest permanent home of a major league team (Oklahoma City, which is even smaller than Jacksonville, is serving as a temporary home for the New Orleans Hornets). The Jacksonville Suns is a minor league baseball affiliate of the Los Angeles Dodgers. The ice hockey team is the Jacksonville Barracudas. In 2007, Jacksonville will become home to a National Indoor Football League expansion franchise.

Jacksonville was named as the site for Super Bowl XXXIX, becoming the third city in the state of Florida (Miami and Tampa being the others) to host the event. The game was held on February 6, 2005 and featured halftime entertainment by former Beatle Sir Paul McCartney.

The Jacksonville area also boasts many excellent golf courses. In Ponte Vedra lies the Tournament Players Club at Sawgrass, one of the most famous golf courses in the world and home to the annual PGA TPC (THE PLAYERS Championship) tournament(considered by the Media as Golf's unoffical 5th Major. Nearby St. Augustine is home to the World Golf Village and World Golf Hall of Fame.

Professional tennis is in town each year when the WTA holds the Bausch & Lomb Championships at Amelia Island Plantation near Fernandina Beach, just north of Jacksonville. Other sports events include the annual Kingfish Tournament held in July, the Florida-Georgia football game, commonly known as "The World's Largest Outdoor Cocktail Party" held every October, the ACC Championship, and the Gator Bowl held in early January. University of North Florida, Jacksonville University and Edward Waters College also field athletic teams in a number of sports.

Film and television

In the early 1900s, New York-based moviemakers were attracted to Jacksonville's warm climate, exotic locations, excellent rail access, and cheaper labor, earning the city the title of "The Winter Film Capital of the World". Over 30 movie studios were opened and thousands of silent films produced between 1908 and the 1920s, when most studios relocated to Hollywood, California.

Since that time, Jacksonville has been chosen by a number of film and television studios for on-location shooting. Notable motion pictures that have been partially or completely shot in Jacksonville since the silent film era include Creature from the Black Lagoon (1954), The New Adventures of Pippi Longstocking (1988), Brenda Starr (1989), G.I. Jane (1997), The Devil's Advocate (1997), Ride (1998), Why Do Fools Fall In Love (1998), Forces of Nature (1999), Tigerland (2000), Sunshine State (2002), Basic (2003), The Manchurian Candidate (2004), Lonely Hearts (2006), Monster House (2006), and Moving McAllister (2006).

Notable television series or made-for-television films that have been partially or completely shot in Jacksonville include Intimate Strangers (1986), Inherit the Wind (1988), Roxanne: The Prize Pulitzer (1989), A Girl of the Limberlost (1990), Orpheus Descending (1990), Pointman (1995), Saved by the Light (1995), The Babysitter's Seduction (1996), Sudden Terror: The Hijacking of School Bus #17 (1996), First Time Felon (1997), Gold Coast (1997), Safe Harbor (1999), The Conquest of America (2005), and Super Bowl XXXIX (2005).

Famous native individuals and groups

Main article: Famous natives of Jacksonville, Florida

• James Weldon Johnson (1871-1938) early civil rights activist and Harlem Renaissance author
• John Rosamond Johnson (1873-1954) musical composer, brother of James Weldon
• Merian C. Cooper (1893-1973) writer and director of landmark 1933 Hollywood film King Kong
• Arthur "Blind" Blake (1893-1933) influential blues singer and guitarist, "The King Of Ragtime Guitar"
• John Archibald Wheeler (born 1911) innovative theoretical physicist
• Alan Stephenson Boyd (born 1922) the first United States Secretary of Transportation
• Pat Boone (born 1934) popular 1950s singer and teen idol
• Philip Don Estridge (1937-1985) "Father of the IBM PC", led development of IBM personal computer
• Gary U.S. Bonds (born 1939) popular R&B singer and songwriter
• Norman E. Thagard (born 1943) NASA astronaut, first American to launch on Russian craft
• Ray Mercer (born 1961) professional boxer, 1991 WBO heavyweight champion
• Sable (Rena Mero) (born 1967) WWF and WWE professional wrestler
• Lynyrd Skynyrd (formed 1970) popular 1970s Southern rock band
• Leanza Cornett (born 1971) Miss America 1993
• Ma$e (born 1978) hip hop rapper
• Yoanna House (born 1980) fashion model, winner of America's Next Top Model Cycle 2
• Limp Bizkit (formed 1994) rapcore band, spawned fame of singer Fred Durst
• Yellowcard (formed 1997) pop punk band
• Shinedown (formed 2001) hard-rock band

Economy

Jacksonville's location on the St. John's River and the Atlantic Ocean proved providential in the growth of the city and its industry. The largest city in the state, it is also the largest deepwater port in the south and a leading port in the U.S. for automobile imports, as well as the leading transportation and distribution hub in the state. However, the strength of the city's economy lies in its broad diversification. The area's economy is balanced among distribution, financial services, biomedical technology, consumer goods, information services, manufacturing, and other industries.

Jacksonville is a rail, air, and highway focal point and a busy port of entry, with an international airport and ship repair yards and extensive freight-handling facilities. Lumber, phosphate, paper, and wood pulp are the principal exports; automobiles and coffee are among imports. The city also has a large and diverse manufacturing base.

Jacksonville is home of several corporations and organizations:

• Bubba Burger
• CSX Transportation
• Fidelity National Financial
• Gate Petroleum
• Stein Mart
• Tiger Telematics (makers of the Gizmondo)
• TNT Logistics
• Vistakon (makers of Acuvue contact lenses)
• Winn-Dixie (the parent of Save Rite)

See also: Famous businesses native to Jacksonville, Florida

Infrastructure

Government

History

After World War II, the government of the City of Jacksonville began to increase spending to fund new building projects in the boom that occurred after the war. Mayor Haydon Burns' "Jacksonville Story" resulted in the construction of a new city hall, civic auditorium, public library and other projects that created a dynamic sense of civic pride. However, the development of suburbs and a subsequent wave of "white flight" left Jacksonville with a much poorer population than before. Much of the city's tax base dissipated, leading to problems with funding education, sanitation, and traffic control within the city limits. In addition, residents in unincorporated suburbs had difficulty obtaining municipal services such as sewage and building code enforcement. In 1958, a study recommended that the City of Jacksonville begin annexing outlying communities in order to create the needed tax base to improve services throughout the county. Voters outside the city limits rejected annexation plans in six referendums between 1960 and 1965.

In the mid 1960s, corruption scandals began to arise among many of the city's officials, who were mainly elected through the traditional good ol' boy network. After a grand jury was convened to investigate, several officials were indicted and more were forced to resign. Consolidation, led by Sheriff Dale Carson, began to win more support during this period, from both inner city blacks (who wanted more involvement in government) and whites in the suburbs (who wanted more services and more control over the center city). The simultaneous disaccredation of all fifteen of Duval County's public high schools in 1964 added momentum to the proposals for government reform. Lower taxes, increased economic development, unification of the community, better public spending and effective administration by a more central authority were all cited as reasons for a new consolidated government.

A consolidation referendum was held in 1967, and voters approved the plan. On October 1, 1968, the governments merged to create the Consolidated City of Jacksonville.

Structure

The most noteworthy feature of Jacksonville government is its consolidated nature. The Duval County-Jacksonville consolidation eliminated any type of separate county executive or legislature, and supplanted these positions with the Mayor of Jacksonville and the City Council of the City of Jacksonville, respectively. Because of this, voters who live outside of the city limits of Jacksonville, but inside of Duval County, are allowed not only to vote in elections for these positions, but to run for them as well. In fact, in 1995, Jacksonville elected John Delaney, a resident of Neptune Beach, as mayor.

Jacksonville uses the Mayor-Council form of city government, also called the Strong-Mayor form, in which mayors are the city's Chief Executive and Administrative officer. They hold veto power over all resolutions and ordinances made by the city council, and also have the power to hire and fire the head of various city departments.

The city council has nineteen members, fourteen of whom are elected from single-member districts, and five who are ostensibly elected at-large. However, although these five additional council members are elected at-large, they are required to meet an unusual residency requirement. In the early 1990s, because these five "at-large" members were generally all elected from the same area, voters approved a change in the city government which divided the city up into five districts unrelated to any other districts, solely for the purpose of electing these at-large council members. Thus, at-large council members are elected from each of these five districts by the voters of the county as a whole.

Some government services remained—as they had been prior to consolidation—independent of both city and county authority. In accordance with Florida law, the school board continues to exist with nearly complete autonomy. And Jacksonville also has several quasi-independent government agencies which only nominally answer to the consolidated authority, including, electric authority, port authority, and airport authority. Fire, police, health and welfare, recreation, public works, and housing and urban development were all combined under the new government.

Four municipalities within Duval County voted not to join the consolidated government. These were the communities of Baldwin, Neptune Beach, Atlantic Beach and Jacksonville Beach, which consist of only 6% of the total population within the county. The four separate communities provide their own services, while maintaining the right to contract the consolidated government to provide services for them. In December of 2005, the city council of Baldwin voted to eliminate the Baldwin Police Department. If this move is consummated as planned in 2006, the Jacksonville Sheriff's Office will assume policing responsibilities for the one-square mile town, located in the far western portion of Duval County.

See also: List of mayors of Jacksonville, Florida

Education

Jacksonville, along with the standard district schools, is home to two International Baccalaureate ("IB") high schools. They are Stanton College Preparatory School and Paxon School for Advanced Studies. Jacksonville also has a notable magnet high school devoted to the performing and expressive arts, Douglas Anderson School of the Arts. See also: List of high schools in Jacksonville

Jacksonville is home to Brewer Christian College, Edward Waters College, Jacksonville University, University of North Florida, Florida Community College at Jacksonville, Trinity Baptist College, Jones College, Florida Technical College, Logos Christian College, and Florida Coastal School of Law.

Former mayor John Delaney (predecessor of current mayor John Peyton) has been president of the University of North Florida since July 2003, parlaying his widespread popularity in the city into a position of leadership in the state university system.

Transportation

Interstate Highways 10 and 95 intersect in Jacksonville. Interstate Highway 10 ends at this intersection (the other end being in Santa Monica, California). The eastern terminus of US-90 is in nearby Jacksonville Beach near the Atlantic Ocean. Additionaly, several other roads as well a major local expressway, J. Turner Butler Boulevard (SR 202) also connect Jacksonville to the beaches. Public transportation is provided by the Jacksonville Transportation Authority. The city has the Jacksonville Skyway monorail, which travels through the central business district and is fairly cheap to use. However, there are very few Skyway stations and as such, traffic is quite light. The Skyway has been criticized in that it goes from "nowhere to nowhere" along its limited route, which encompasses only downtown and such is no use to most commuters.

Interstate 95 has a bypass route, with I-295, which bypasses the city to the west, and SR-9A, bypassing the city to the east. I-295 and SR-9A circumscribe the most populated portion of Jacksonville, and will form a complete beltway once 9A is completed in 2006.

Jacksonville is also home to the world headquarters of CSX Transportation, and they own a large bulding downtown that is significant part of the skyline.

There are also numerous bridges over the St. Johns River at Jacksonville. They include (starting from furthest downstream) the Dames Point Bridge, the Mathews Bridge, the Isaiah D. Hart Bridge, the Main Street Bridge, the Acosta Bridge, the Fuller Warren Bridge (which carries I-95 traffic) and the Buckman Bridge (which carries I-295 traffic).

Major commercial air service in Jacksonville operates out of Jacksonville International Airport. Smaller planes can fly to Craig Airport on the southside and Herlong Airport on the westside. The city also operates an airfield at Cecil Commerce Center that is intended for aerospace manufacturing companies.

Amtrak passenger railroad serves Jacksonville from a station on Clifford Lane in the Northwest section of the city.

Four modern seaport facilities, including America's newest cruise port, make Jacksonville a full-service international seaport. In 2004, JAXPORT handled 7.7 million tons of cargo, including 533,000 vehicles.

In 2003, the JAXPORT Cruise Terminal opened, providing cruise service to Key West, Florida, the Bahamas, and Mexico.

Sister cities

Jacksonville has several sister cities [6]. They are:

In 2000, The Sister Cities International awarded Jacksonville the Innovation Arts & Culture Award for the city's program with Nantes.

See also

• Duval County, Florida
• Orange Park, Florida
• St. Johns County

References

• ^  Wentworth, Harold, and Stuart Berg Flexner (1967) Dictionary of American Slang, Maruzen Asian Edition, Thomas Y. Crowell Company and Maruzen Company, Limited, p. 286.
• Andino, Alliniece T. (August 25, 2000). 40 years ago this weekend, Jacksonville gave itself a national reputation for violence. The Florida Times-Union.
• DeCamp, David (May 3, 2003). Racial graffiti found at Glover's headquarters. The Florida Times-Union.
• Foley, Bill; Wood, Wayne (2001). The great fire of 1901 (1st ed.). Jacksonville, Florida: The Jacksonville Historical Society. ISBN 0971026106

External links

Dictionary definitions from Wiktionary
Textbooks from Wikibooks
Quotations from Wikiquote
Source texts from Wikisource
Images and media from Commons
News stories from Wikinews

Government Resources

• City of Jacksonville Official Website
• jacksonvillestory.com (a website regarding Jacksonville history)
• Duval County Public Schools
• Jacksonville Chamber of Commerce
• Public library

Non-Profits and Social Services

• Fresh Ministries
• Clara White Mission
• Dignity U Wear
• Crucial Ministries
• Habijax
• Builders Care

Higher Education

• Edward Waters College
• Jacksonville University
• University of North Florida
• Florida Community College at Jacksonville
• Trinity Baptist College
• Florida Coastal School of Law
• Jones College
• Logos Christian College

• Maps and aerial photos
  • Street map from Google Local or Yahoo! Maps
  • Topographic map from TopoZone
  • Aerial image or topographic map from TerraServer-USA
  • Satellite image from Google Local or Microsoft Virtual Earth

Coordinates: 30°19′34″N, 81°39′29″W

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