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Mime artist dressed as a hobo

A hobo is a member of a distinctive sub-culture (hoboism) of homeless, traveling workers in the United States. It was most popular during the late 19th and early 20th centuries, and is particularly associated with the railroads, as hobos have the reputation for freighthopping – hitching free rides from place to place in the baggage cars of trains.

Definition and origin

Hobos generally apply the term hobo only to itinerant people who work. Hobos are often times pictured as people with a bit more wit in certain things having to do with the street or smooth talking, almost like a unique charm. In contrast, they define a tramp as an itinerant person who does not work, and supports himself by other means e.g. begging, scavenging or theft. Alternatively, a tramp is somebody who prefers to walk or hitchhike rather than ride the rails. A bum is a homeless person who neither travels nor works. Or, as was said in the pilot episode of a long-forgotten sitcom^{[citation needed]},

• A hobo is a migratory worker;
• a tramp is a migratory non-worker;
• a bum is a non-migratory non-worker.

Both tramp and bum are terms of derision within the hobo community.

The origin of the term is not confirmed. Author Todd DePastino has suggested that it may come from the term hoe-boy meaning "farm hand", or a greeting such as Ho, boy! [1]. Car Talk has reported that returning Southern soldiers from the American Civil War found their farms and families gone, hoisted a hoe over their shoulders, and hit the road--and they were called hoe-boys. Others have said that the term comes from the Manhattan intersection of HOuston and BOwery, where itinerant people once used to congregate; or from the Japanese word hōbō meaning "in all directions". Still another theory of the term's origins is that it derives from the city of Hoboken, New Jersey, which was a terminus for many railroad lines in the 19th century.

History

The population of hobos increased during times of economic trouble, and their numbers increased greatly during the Great Depression. With no work and no prospects at home, many decided to travel and try their luck elsewhere.

Nowadays there are few railroad-riding hobos left, though there are still small numbers of them. Some itinerant individuals today travel by car rather than rail, but still identify themselves as hobos.

Life as a hobo was a dangerous one. In addition to the problems of being itinerant, poor, far from home and support, and the hostile attitude of many train crews, the railroads employed their own security staff, often nicknamed bulls or dicks. These showed little mercy to hobos they found. If that wasn't enough, riding on a freight train is highly dangerous. One can easily fall under the wheels or get trapped between cars, or freeze to death in bad weather. When freezer cars were loaded at an ice factory, any hobo inside was likely to be killed. Hobos tended to band together for protection and formed an informal "brotherhood".

Hobo symbols

To cope with the difficulty of hobo life, hobos developed a system of symbols. Hobos would write these symbols with chalk or coal to provide directions, information, and warnings to other hobos. Some signs included "turn right here", "beware of hostile railroad police", "dangerous dog", "food available here", and so on. For instance:

• A cross signifies "angel food," that is, food served to the homeless after a sermon.
• A triangle with hands signifies that the homeowner has a gun.
• Sharp teeth signify a mean dog.
• A square missing its top line signifies it is safe to camp in that location.
• A silk hat and a pile of gold signify wealth.
• A spearhead signifies a warning to defend oneself.
• An open eye means that hobos are unwelcomed in the vicinity
• Two interlocked circles signify handcuffs. (i.e. hobos are hauled off to jail).
• A Caduceus symbol signifies the house has a medical doctor living in it.
• A cat signifies that a kind lady lives here.
• Unsafe Camp: A depression era term depicted in Hobo symbols regarding the amount of danger to vagrants in an area.
• fresh water and campsite: A wavy line signifing water above a X for a campsite
• not a safe place: three diagonal lines.

Naturally, hobo symbols would vary from place to place around the country.

Hobo lingo

• Accommodation car - The caboose of a train
• Angellina - young inexperienced kid
• Banjo - A small portable frying pan.
• Big House - Prison
• Bindle stick - Collection of belongings wrapped in cloth and tied around a stick
• Bone Noser - A hobo with notable flatulence odors
• Bone polisher - A mean dog
• Bull - A railroad officer
• Cadillac - Canadian National grainer with double porch holes
• Cannonball - A fast train
• Catch the Westbound - to die
• Chuck a dummy - Pretend to faint
• Cover with the moon - Sleep out in the open
• Cow crate - A railroad stock car
• Crums - Lice
• Doggin' it - Traveling by bus
• Easy mark - A hobo sign or mark that identifies a person or place where one can get food and a place to stay overnight
• Honey dipping - Working with a shovel in the sewer
• Hot - A fugitive hobo
• Hot Shot - train with priority freight, stops rarely, goes faster
• Jungle - An area off a railroad that hobos camp and congregate in
• Knowledge bus - A schoolbus used for shelter
• Moniker / Monica - A nickname
• On The Fly - jumping a moving train
• Punk - any young kid
• Road kid - A young hobo who apprentices himself to an older hobo in order to learn the ways of the road
• Rum dum - A drunkard
• Soup bowl- A place to get soup, bread and drinks
• Snipes - Cigarette butts "sniped" (found in ashtrays or wherever)
• Spear biscuits - Looking for food in garbage cans
• Yegg - A travelling professional thief

Notable hobos

• Boxcar Betty
• Jack Black (author)
• Jack Dempsey - probably the greatest heavyweight champion boxer of all time, he would go into saloons and challenge for fights saying "I can't sing and I can't dance, but I can lick any man in the house"
• Clark Gable
• Woody Guthrie
• Jack London
• Eugene O'Neil
• Harry Partch
• Utah Phillips
• Jimmie Rodgers (country singer) - his songs often reflected on hobos and "railroad bums." Rodgers himself had worked for the trains as well as hopping trains.
• Joe Junkpan
• Side Track - killed 34 other hobos before turning himself in to the authorities
• Blanket Man - currently lives in and around Courtney Place and Lambton Quay in Wellington New Zealand, wearing only a blanket.

Hobos in media

Books and movies

See article: List of books and films about hobos and freighthopping

Television

BBC Radio 4 recently broadcast a one off programme about the Hobo Convention entitled "Hobo Heaven"

Songs

• Big Rock Candy Mountain by Harry McClintock
• Hard Travelin' by Woody Guthrie
• Hobo Bill by Cisco Houston
• Hobo Blues by John Lee Hooker
• Hobo's Lullaby by Woody Guthrie
• I Ain't Got No Home by Cisco Houston
• I Am a Lonesome Hobo by Bob Dylan
• King of the Road by Roger Miller
• Littlest Hobo Song by Terry Bush
• Long Train Runnin' by the Doobie Brothers, also sings of freighthopping
• Mysteries of a Hobo's Life by Cisco Houston
• Only a Hobo by Bob Dylan
• Papa Hobo by Paul Simon
• Hobo Chang Ba by Captain Beefheart
• The Hobo by John Lee Hooker
• The work of Ramblin' Jack Elliott
• The work of Utah Phillips
• The work of Jimmie Rodgers, including "Hobo Bill's Last Ride" and "Hobo's Meditation," among others.
• Jack Straw by Robert Hunter and Bob Weir

See also

• Freighthopping
• National Hobo Convention, held in Britt, Iowa by the Hobo Foundation
• Midnight Hobo
• Navvy
• HoboWars
• John Hodgman, a writer with a peculiar expertise on all matters Hobo

External links

• North Bank Fred contains numerous photographs, links, stories, and academic reports about hobos and freighthopping.
• Original Hobo Nickel Society, Numismatic community interested in carved coins, primarily 1913-1938 Buffalo Nickels. Both classic carved nickels and recent carved nickels are generically called "Hobo Nickels".
• Fran's Hobo Page, by Fran DeLorenzo. Includes hobo history and a glossary of hobo signs.
• Slackaction: Hobo Signs & Symbols
• Hobo Sign Language In El Paso
• The Loaded Hobos, a rock band from the UK
• e-hobo.com, a group of artists interpreting John Hodgman's 700 hoboes.

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