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A Guard rail is a system designed to keep people or vehicles from (in most cases unintentionally) straying into dangerous or off-limits areas. A [[handrail]] is less restrictive than a guard rail and provides both support and the protective limitation of a boundary. Public safetyA handrail leading along a rocky creek crossing. A railing accidentally collapses at a college football game, spilling fans onto the sidelinesMost public spaces are fitted with guard rails as a means of protection against accidental falls. Any abrupt change in elevation where the higher portion is accessible, makes possible a fatal or injurious fall. As a result of this responsibility and often liability, provisions are placed by the sites planners to prevent harm, and protect people who will be using the premises. Guards are generally required by code anywhere there is a drop of 30" or more. Examples of this are both architectural and environmental. Environmental guard rails are placed frequently along hiking trails, where adjacent terrain is often steep and untravelable. Along trails at scenic overlooks and also at many elevated destinations of trails are even more protective railings. Guard rails in buildings are numerous, and are required by building codes in many circumstances. Very common is the placement of guard rails along stairways, and catwalks and balconies are invariably lined with them. Building codes also require that no opening in a guard be of a size such that a 4" sphere may pass. An architect who was famous for creatively using handrails for social stability, was Alvar Aalto. The guard rails of an observation tower such as the Space Needle or Eiffel Tower become exaggerated to the point of becoming a fence or cage. This also occurs on bridges or overpasses where, unfortunately, not only accidents are possible but suicides as well. Safety and industryAutomotive safetyIn traffic engineering, a guard rail is used to prevent vehicles from veering off a road into oncoming traffic, crashing against solid objects (like a bridge pillar) or falling into a ravine. A secondary goal is to keep the vehicle upright while it is deflected along the guardrail. The latter goal is made more difficult by the fact that a guardrail of the best height for a car might not keep a truck from toppling over it, while a motorbike might slip under a higher-placed rail. In most cases, a guard rail would not actually be able to withstand the impact of a vehicle just by the strength of the individual posts in the area hit by the vehicle. Instead, the guardrail is effectively one strong band (long metal strips lashed together, steel cables) which transfers the sideways force of the veering car to multiple posts beyond the impact area or directly into a ground anchor at the end of the guard rail emplacement.
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