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Boston's Big Dig presented geotechnical challenges in an urban environment.

Geotechnical engineering is concerned with the engineering properties of earth materials. Geotechnical engineers investigate the soil and bedrock below a site to confirm their engineering properties as they will relate to the proposed costruction. The geotechnical engineer determines and designs the type of foundations and pavements required for the intended man-made structures to be built. This includes such structures as high-rise buildings, bridges, highways, and tunnels but also include smaller structures such as a single family home built on a steep hillside. They also design structures built in or of soil or rock. The foundations built for above-ground structures include shallow foundations (footings), deep foundations (driven piles and drilled piers), and retaining walls. Dams and embankments are structures built of soil or rock; tunnels are structures built through soil or rock. Geotechnical engineers also assess the risk to humans, property and the environment from natural hazards such as earthquakes, landslides, debris flows, and rock falls (all involving natural materials). Geotechnical Engineering is also applicable to coastal and ocean engineering applications, such as construction of wharves, marinas, jetties, as well as foundation/anchor systems for offshore structures such as oil platforms.

Karl Terzaghi is widely considered the father of soil mechanics and geotechnical engineering.

1 Soil investigations
- 1.1 In Situ Methods
- 1.2 Geophysical Methods
- 1.3 Lab tests
2 Recommended Reading
3 See also

Soil investigations

In Situ Methods

SPT - Standard Penetration Test
CPT - Cone Penetration Test
- CPTu - Piezocone Penetrometer
- SCPTu - Seismic Piezocone Penetrometer
CPM - Cone Pressuremeter Test
DMT - Flat Plate Dilatometer Test
PMT - Pre-bored Pressuremeter Test
VST - Vane Shear Test
T-bar Penetrometer
Ball Penetrometer

Geophysical Methods

Mechanical waves (pressure, shear, and Rayleigh waves)
- Crosshole method
- Downhole method (Seismic CPT)
- Surface wave methods (e.g., SASW and MASW)
- Seismic reflection
- Seismic refraction
Electromagnetic (radar, resistivity)
Optical/Acoustic Televiewer Survey

Lab tests

Atterberg Limits (ASTM D 4318)
Grain Size Analysis and Hydrometer Tests
Compaction Tests - including Standard Proctor (ASTM D 698), Modified Proctor (ASTM D 1557), and California Bearing Ratio (ASTM D 1883) Tests
Direct Shear Test
Direct Simple Shear
Unconfined Compression (UC) (ASTM D2166)
Triaxial Tests
- CD - Consolidated drained
- CU - Consolidated undrained (ASTM D 4647)
- UU - Unconsolidated undrained (ASTM D 2850)
Oedometer Test - including consolidation (ASTM D 2435) and swell tests (ASTM D 4546)
Soil Suction Tests (ASTM D 5298)

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This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "geotechnical engineering".