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For other uses, see Emerald (disambiguation).

Emerald
Emerald with inclusions
General
Category	Mineral
Chemical formula	Beryllium aluminium silicate with chromium, Be₃Al₂(SiO₃)₆::Cr
Identification
Color	Green
Crystal habit	Hexagonal Crystals
Crystal system	Hexagonal
Cleavage	Poor Basal Cleavage (Seldom Visible)
Fracture	Conchoidal
Mohs Scale hardness	7.5 - 8.0
Luster	Vitreous
Refractive index	1.576 - 1.582
Pleochroism	Distinct, Blue-Green/Yellow-Green
Streak	White
Specific gravity	2.70 - 2.78

Emerald (Be₃Al₂(SiO₃)₆) is a variety of the mineral beryl, colored green by trace amounts of chromium and sometimes iron. It is highly prized as a gemstone and by weight is the most valuable gemstone in the world, often made less so by inclusions, which all emeralds have. Beryl has a hardness of 7.5 on the 10 point Mohs scale of hardness. However, this Mohs rating is often adversly affected and can decrease, depending on the number and severity of inclusions in a particular stone. Many countries import emeralds, Colombia being the preeminent exporter of emeralds in the world.

Emeralds have a tendency to appear fuzzy, dull and more included on television or in pictures than they really are.

Emerald showing its hexagonal structure

Synthetic emerald

Emerald is a rare and valuable gemstone and, as such, provided the incentive for developing synthetic emeralds. Both hydrothermal and flux-growth synthetics have been produced and a method has been developed for producing an emerald overgrowth on colorless beryl. Synthetic emeralds fluoresce a dull red with long wave UV light due to an indicator added during the process of synthesizing the emerald, whereas natural specimens do not. Also both the specific gravities (natural: 2.70 - 2.78, synthetic: 2.66) and refractive indices (natural: 1.576 - 1.582, synthetic: 1.565) of synthetics are slightly lower. Wispy inclusions are common in flux-grown synthetic emeralds.

Culture and historical/mythical usage

Emerald is regarded as the traditional birthstone for May. According to legend, the emerald has the power to protect the chastity of the wearer and to ward off evil spirits. Furthermore, it was used as a cure for epilepsy and dysentery as well as to aid weak eyesight.

According to Rebbenu Bachya, the word "Nofech" in the verse Exodus 28:18 means "Emerald" and was the stone on the Ephod representing the tribe of Judah.

In some cultures the emerald is the traditional gift for the 55th wedding anniversary. It is also used as the 20 and 35th wedding anniversary stone.

The Gachala Emerald is one of the largest emeralds in the world at 858 carats. This stone was found in 1967 at Vega de San Juan mine in Colombia. It is currently on display at the National Museum of Natural History.

References

Cooper, J.C. (Ed.) (1992). Brewer's Myth and Legend. New York: Cassell Publishers Ltd. ISBN 0-304-34084-7.
Sinkankas, John (1994). Emerald & Other Beryls. Geoscience Press. ISBN 0801971144
Hurlbut, Cornelius S.; Klein, Cornelis (1985). Manual of Mineralogy (20th ed.). New York: John Wiley and Sons. ISBN 0471805807
Weinstein, Michael (1958). The World of Jewel Stones. Sheriden House.

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