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Detroit (IPA: /dɪˈtʰɹɔɪt/) (French: Détroit, pronounced /detʀwa/) is a city in the U.S. state of Michigan. It is the largest city in the state and is the county seat of Wayne County. Located along the Detroit River—French: Rivière du Détroit, i.e. "River of the Strait"—and across from the Canadian city of Windsor, Ontario, it was established in 1701 by French fur traders. It is the center of an industrial area that is among the most significant in the American Rust Belt. Today it is known as the world's automotive center and an important source of music — legacies celebrated by the city's two familiar nicknames, "Motor City" and "Motown."

Detroit is the United States' 11th most populous city, with 900,198 residents, according to the United States Census Bureau's 2004 estimate. This is half the population the city boasted at its peak in the 1950s—Detroit leads the nation in terms of declining urban population. Residents are generally known as "Detroiters." "Detroit" is also sometimes used as shorthand for the Metro Detroit region, which is also unofficially referred to as "Southeast Michigan."

History

Main article: History of Detroit, Michigan

French officer Antoine de la Mothe Cadillac founded a fort and settlement at the site of Detroit in 1701. The settlement was originally called Fort Pontchartrain d'Étroit after Louis Phélypeaux, the comte de Pontchartrain, minister of marine under Louis XIV and for the river that connects Lakes St. Clair to Erie. The British gained control of the area in 1760 following the French and Indian War and thwarted an Indian attack three years later during Pontiac's Rebellion. In 1796, Detroit and its surrounding areas passed to the United States under the Jay Treaty, and from 1805 to 1847 Detroit was the territorial and state capitol of Michigan. Though Detroit fell to the British for a short time during the War of 1812 (see Siege of Detroit), it was recaptured by General William Henry Harrison in 1813. Detroit was incorporated as a city in 1815.

Situated strategically on a strait along the Great Lakes waterway, Detroit emerged as a key transportation center. The city grew steadily during the 1830s, and subsequent decades saw substantial growth in the shipping, shipbuilding, and manufacturing industries. A thriving carriage trade set the stage for the work of Henry Ford, who built his first automobile in 1896. Ford's first plant was a rented workshop on Mack Avenue in Detroit. The company outgrew the rented space and in 1904 the first factory Ford built and owned was on Detroit's Piquette Avenue where the Model T was conceived. By 1909, the Model T's production was moved to larger facilities in Highland Park, an independent city within Detroit. Ford's manufacturing innovations as well as significant contributions from many other automotive pioneers such as William C. Durant, the Dodge brothers, and Louis Chevrolet solidified Detroit's status as the world's car capital. This blossoming industry spurred the city's spectacular growth during the first half of the 20th century, drawing many new residents, particularly from the southern United States.

With the factories came high-profile labor strife, climaxing in the 1930s as the United Auto Workers initiated bitter battles with Detroit's auto manufacturers. The labor activism established during those years brought fame and notoriety to hometown union leaders such as Jimmy Hoffa and Walter Reuther.

Detroit has endured a painful decline during the past several decades, and is often held up as a symbol of Rust Belt urban blight. The city's population has plummeted since the 1950s as residents moved to the suburbs of and to different parts of the country. The 12th Street Riot in 1967 and Court-ordered busing accelerated "white flight" from the city. Large numbers of buildings and homes were abandoned, with many remaining for years in states of decay. The percentage of black residents increased rapidly and the first black mayor, Coleman Young, was elected in 1973. Young's style during his record four terms in office was not well received by many white Detroiters.^[1]

Though the 1960s saw the rise of heroin, use leveled off as the population declined. The Detroit gang Young Boys Inc. was formed in the 1970s and introduced a crack cocaine epidemic and produced collateral property crimes. Violence was common as competing drug dealers fought for territory.

Ongoing urban renewal efforts have led to the razing of abandoned homes. With the large number of homes razed, sizeable tracts have reverted back to nature to become a form urban prairie. Wild animals have been spotted migrating from their destroyed former habitat in the suburbs to the city.^[2]

"Renaissance" has been a perennial buzzword among generations of city leaders since the 1967 riots, coined with the construction of the Renaissance Center in the early 1970s. It was not until the 1990s that Detroit enjoyed somewhat of a bona fide revival, much of it centered downtown. A 1996 state referendum brought three casinos—MGM Grand Detroit, Motor City Casino, and Greektown Casino—with the goal of increasing tourism and stemming the flow of gambling dollars to the nearby Windsor, Ontario casino.

In 2000, amid some controversy, Comerica Park replaced historic Tiger Stadium as the home of the Detroit Tigers.^[3] And in 2002 Ford Field brought the NFL's Detroit Lions back into Detroit from Pontiac.^[4] The 2004 opening of the Compuware Center gave downtown Detroit its first significant new office building in a decade. Significant landmarks such as the Fox Theatre, Detroit Opera House, and the Gem Theater have been restored and now host concerts, musicals, and plays. Many downtown centers such as Greektown, Cobo Center and Campus Martius Park, as well as the Michigan State Fairgrounds on the northern border, draw patrons and host activities.

Geography and climate

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 142.9 square miles (370.2 km²). 138.8 square miles (359.4 km²) of it is land and 4.2 square miles (10.8 km²) of it is water. The total area is 2.92% water. The elevation at the Coleman A. Young International Airport in northeastern Detroit is 626 feet (190.8 m).

Sitting atop a large salt mine,^[5] Detroit is located on the north bank of the Detroit River between Lake Erie and Lake St. Clair in southeastern Michigan. It lies north of Windsor, Ontario, which is often referred to by residents of the city as their "neighbor to the south." Detroit features two border crossings: the privately-owned Ambassador Bridge and the Detroit-Windsor Tunnel that has motor vehicle and railroad access to and from Canada.

Detroit completely encircles the cities of Hamtramck and Highland Park. In its northeast corner are Harper Woods and the four cities and single village that make up the Grosse Pointes. Detroit has for years been culturally divided into East Side and West Side, with Woodward Avenue as the dividing line. The city is crossed by three systems of roads: the original French roads running perpendicular to the river, radial roads from a Washington, D.C.-inspired system and true north-south roads from the Northwest Ordinance township system. To the north of the city are Oakland and Macomb counties, with the grouping often called the "tri-county area."

Detroit contains an eclectic combination of architectural styles. Art Deco buildings from the 1920s and 1930s are intermixed with more modern structures, notably in the downtown area and in the New Center adjacent to Wayne State University north of the downtown. Smaller commercial areas are interspersed amongst single-family homes and apartment complexes. The Eastern Market farmer’s distribution center is the largest open-air flowerbed market in the United States and has more than 150 foods and specialty businesses.^[6]

Detroit and the rest of southeastern Michigan have a typically Midwestern temperate seasonal climate, which is influenced by the Great Lakes. Winters are cold with moderate snowfall while summers can be warm and somewhat humid.^[7] The average high temperature in July is 85 °F (29 °C) and in January highs average 33 °F (1 °C). Summer temperatures can top over 90 °F (32 °C), and winter temperatures rarely drop below 0 °F (−17 °C). Average monthly precipitation ranges from about two to four inches (4 to 9 cm), being heaviest in the summer months. Snowfall, which normally occurs from November to early April, ranges from 1 to 10 inches (3 to 25 cm) per month.^[8] The highest recorded temperature was 103.0 °F (39.0 °C) on June 25, 1988, while the lowest recorded temperature was −17.0 °F (−27.0 °C) on January 19, 1994.^[9]

Demographics

See also: Neighborhoods and projects in Detroit, Michigan

Overview

Since the city was founded under the French, French colonial influence can be found in many place names (Gratiot Avenue, Beaubien Street, Cadieux Road, Chene Park). Only a small percentage of area residents are descendents of 18th-century French settlers.

Detroit's population increased more than sixfold during the first half of the 20th century, due largely to a massive influx of Eastern European and Southern migrants—both white and black—who came to work in the burgeoning automobile industry. One consequence is that Metro Detroit has a higher percentage of blacks than any other northern U.S. metropolitan area—roughly one quarter of the metropolitan population. Altogether, more than a million African-Americans live in the area, over 80% within city limits. With the suburban outflux, Metro Detroit is among the nation's most racially segregated regions.^[11]

Metro Detroit's ethnic communities are diverse and include descendants of the French founders, as well as Germans, Poles, Irish, Italians, and Greeks who settled during the city's early 20th century industrial boom. Metro Detroit has the largest concentration of Belgians outside of Belgium. The Detroit area is also home to a large Chaldean-Assyrian population and to the country's largest concentration of Arab Americans. Chaldean-owned businesses are the retail life of the Detroit neighborhoods,^[12] including some 90% of the city's "party stores" (selling high volumes of lottery tickets, hard liquor, and snack foods). The southwest side of the city contains a notable Chicano community and the area has in recent years been renamed "Mexicantown" to reflect the large number of businesses and properties owned by the Hispanic population.

Up until the 1980s, there was a growing gay community in the northern part of the city in the area surrounding Palmer Park along Woodward Avenue. The community disappeared as crime rates rose and gays often found themselves the object of discriminatory law enforcement targeting, with many residents eventually migrating north to the cities of Ferndale and Royal Oak.

Population

As of the census² of 2000, there were 951,270 people, 336,428 households, and 218,341 families residing in the city. The population density was 6,855.1 people per square mile (2,646.7/km²). There were 375,096 housing units at an average density of 2,703.0 people per square mi (1,043.6/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 81.55% Black or African American, 12.26% White, 0.33% Native American, 0.97% Asian, 0.03% Pacific Islander, 2.54% from other races, and 2.32% from two or more races. 4.96% of the population was Hispanic or Latino of any race.

There were 336,428 households out of which 33.9% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 26.7% were married couples living together, 31.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 35.1% were non-families. 29.7% of all households were made up of individuals and 9.2% had someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.77 and the average family size was 3.45.

The population was spread out with 31.1% under the age of 18, 9.7% from 18 to 24, 29.5% from 25 to 44, 19.3% from 45 to 64, and 10.4% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age was 31 years. For every 100 females there were 89.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 83.5 males.

The median household income in the city was $29,526, and the median income for a family was $33,853. Males had a median income of $33,381 versus $26,749 for females. The per capita income for the city was $14,717. 26.1% of the population and 21.7% of families were below the poverty line. Out of the total population, 34.5% of those under the age of 18 and 18.6% of those 65 and older were living below the poverty line.

In a 1998 government study by the National Institute for Literacy, 47% of Detroiters were deemed as "functionally illiterate."^[13] Detroit's population trends may imply that today this figure is significantly higher. At the same time, some 72% of all Detroit children are born to single unwed mothers.^[14]

Economy

Detroit and the surrounding region constitute a manufacturing powerhouse, most notably as home to the American automobile industry and the Big Three auto companies. General Motors is based in Detroit, Ford Motor Company in nearby Dearborn, and one of the two world headquarters for DaimlerChrysler in Auburn Hills (the other is in Stuttgart, Germany). There are hundreds of offices and plants in the automotive support business: parts, electronics, and design suppliers. Because of its almost singular dependence on the auto industry, Detroit is more acutely vulnerable to economic cycles than most large cities.[15]

Including the Big Three, there are seventeen Fortune 500 companies headquartered in Metro Detroit, including Borders Books and Music, Comerica, Federal-Mogul, Kelly Services, and Lear Corporation.[16] Detroit is home to Compuware and the national pizza chain Little Caesars. Other major industries include advertising, medical services, chemicals, computer software, and casino gambling.

Law and government

With a charter adopted on July 1, 1974, the city is run by the mayor and city council whose members are full-time legislators elected at-large on a nonpartisan ballot. Detroit has a "strong mayoral" system, with the mayors not requiring council approval of departmental appointments. Although the council approves budgets, by court interpretation the mayor is not obligated to adhere to any earmarking of funds for projects and departments. City ordinances must be approved by the council as well as contracts in excess of variable amounts. Municipal elections for mayor, city council and city clerk are held every year congruent to 1 modulo 4 (meaning 1993, 1997, 2001, 2005, 2009).

Detroit has several sister cities, including Chongqing (People's Republic of China), Dubai (United Arab Emirates), Kitwe (Zambia), Minsk (Belarus), Nassau, Bahamas, Toyota (Japan), and Turin (Italy).

See also: List of mayors of Detroit, Michigan

Taxes and revenue

In addition to property tax, the city levies an income tax of 2.65% on residents, 1.325% on non-residents, and 1.6% on corporations. Revenue is also obtained from the Detroit-owned Water and Sewer Department which operates most of the fresh water and wastewater treatment facilities within the metropolitan area. The city has for some time been actively cutting its workforce and closing operations to avoid state-ordered receivership.[17]

Politics

As with most large urban centers in the United States, Detroit consistently supports the Democratic Party Elected first in 2001, Mayor Kwame Kilpatrick, son of Democratic congresswoman Carolyn Cheeks Kilpatrick, has been dubbed by wags as "America's hip-hop mayor" because of his fond appreciation for youth culture, flashy dress, and a diamond stud earring as well as his sponsorship of a "hip-hop" summit.[18] Since taking office, however, the mayor and his administration have found themselves dogged by accusations of scandal and personal and financial impropriety. The mayor denied accusations of wrongdoing and in 2005 was re-elected to a second four-year term.[19]

Courts

Detroit's courts are all state-administered and elections are nonpartisan. The Circuit and Probate Courts for Wayne County is located downtown in the Coleman A. Young Municipal Center (formerly the "City-County Building"). Circuit and Probate judges are elected county-wide, with Circuit judges handling all cases where more than $25,000 is in dispute, felonies, divorce/custody actions, and matters of general equitable jurisdictions. Probate Court is responsible for estate administration, guardianships and conservatorships for the disabled and minors, juvenile delinquency and neglect proceedings, as well as the divorce/family court docket, which is run jointly with the Circuit Court. Prior to court reorganization in the late 1990s, the city had a separate criminal court called Recorders Court, located at the Frank Murphy Hall of Justice across from police headquarters. Judges for the Recorders Court were elected city-wide. The criminal division of the circuit court is still located at the Frank Murphy building.

The 36th District Court is located on Madison Avenue and handles civil disputes where less than $25,000 is in dispute, landlord-tenant matters, misdemeanors, and preliminary examinations of criminal defendants charged with felonies prior to being bound over to circuit court. The 36th District Court incorporated the city's common pleas, traffic court, and misdemeanor prosecutions that were previously handled in Recorders Court.

In addition to the above trial courts, Detroit also hosts the 1st District of the Michigan Court of Appeals' offices, located in the New Center area in what once was the General Motors headquarters building. Also, the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Michigan is also based in Detroit. The main offices are located in the Theodore Levin Courthouse building on Fort Street in Downtown Detroit.[20] Various judges of the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit also have offices in the Levin courthouse.

Crime

During the latter half of the 20th century, Detroit's crime figures were often among the highest in the U.S. The city is currently listed as the second most dangerous city by the Morgan Quitno Corporation's statistics [22] (after Camden, New Jersey). Detroit is consistently in the top five for homicide rates, and was third in 2004, with a murder rate of 42.1 per 100,000. The highest murder total for Detroit was 714 murders in 1974, though the highest murder rate was recorded in 1991, when there were 615 homicides and the city's population was just over a million. This factored into a rate of around 60 murders per 100,000. Many of these problems are blamed on the widespread middle-class flight (which has contributed greatly to urban decay), poverty, de facto segregation of the region, and unemployment. In 2005, there were 374 murders in Detroit.

An analysis of crime in downtown Detroit by the Michigan Metropolitan Information Center at Wayne State University[23] found crime rates in the central city lower than rates for the entire nation, state and other large Michigan metro areas — and improving. Detroit also includes middle-class neighborhoods in which crime is less prevalent than in impoverished areas. Many predominantly white suburbs (though some include sizable African-American and Asian minorities) that boast much higher household income levels than Detroit are among the 25 safest cities in the United States with a population of 75,000 or above.

The city has faced hundreds of arsons, often in the city's many abandoned homes, each year on Devil's Night, the evening before Halloween. The Angel's Night campaign, launched in the late 1990s, draws tens of thousands of volunteers to patrol the streets during Halloween week. The effort has reduced arson: in 2002, there were just 110 fires during the October 29–31 period, representing a 30 percent decline in total fires and a 41 percent decline in suspicious fires; this compares to 500-800 fires over the past decades. In 2003, the three-day number was 117, increasing slightly to 141 in 2004.

In 2004, following scandals and legal decisions, a court-ordered reorganization of the Detroit Police Department was implemented under the supervision of the Federal Bureau of Investigation.[24]

Education

Primary and secondary education

Main article: Detroit Public Schools

The city is served by the Detroit Public Schools (DPS) district, various charter schools, and private schools, with the Archdiocese of Detroit running a private Catholic school system in and around the city.[25].

The district consists of 220 schools: 147 elementary, 31 middle, 28 high schools; and 10 adult education and 4 vocational education schools. In addition to ten newly built schools (eight elementary, two middle), five area high schools have either been remodeled or have new buildings. More than half of the city schools were built before 1930.[26] Because of rapidly declining enrollment, Detroit Public Schools has a goal of closing 95 schools by 2009.[27] Thus far, 29 schools have been closed.[28]

In the early 1970s, the federal courts ordered busing to desegregate the system, which helped to accelerate the white flight that had been on-going within the city. As of 2004, Detroit schools were 91% African-American.[29]

In the mid to late 1990s, the Michigan Legislature removed the locally elected board of education amid allegations of mismanagement and replaced it with a reform board appointed by the mayor and governor. The elected board of education returned following a city referendum in 2005. The first election of the new eleven member board of education, with four chosen at-large and seven by district, occurred on November 8, 2005.[30]

Higher education

Detroit was once the home of the University of Michigan, which was founded in Detroit in 1817 but later moved to Ann Arbor in 1837. Detroit has several universities and colleges within its borders, including: Wayne State University which is an internationally renowned university with Medical and Law schools. College for Creative Studies, Lewis College of Business, Marygrove College, University of Detroit Mercy, and Wayne County Community College. The Detroit College of Law, now affiliated with Michigan State University, was founded in the city in 1891 and remained there until 1997, when it relocated to East Lansing.

Culture

Music and performing arts

Main article: Music of Detroit

Music has been the dominant feature of Detroit's nightlife since the late 1940s. The metropolitan area boasts two of the top live music venues in the U.S. DTE Energy Music Theatre (formerly Pine Knob) was the most attended summer venue in the U.S. in 2005 for the fifteenth consecutive year, while The Palace of Auburn Hills ranked twelfth, according to music industry source Pollstar.[31]

The city has the second-largest theater district in America, after New York City, with eighteen professional theaters. Detroit is home to the Detroit Symphony Orchestra and the Detroit Opera House. Major theaters include the Fox Theatre, Masonic Temple Theatre, Fisher Theatre, State Theatre, Music Hall, and the Detroit Repertory Theatre. Historically, Detroit's former Black Bottom neighborhood was a major jazz and blues mecca through the 1950s; its influence would still be felt decades later. Major jazz stars of the era often came to Black Bottom to perform in its many venues.

One of the highlights of Detroit's musical history was the success of Motown Records during the 1960s and early 1970s. The label was founded in Detroit by Berry Gordy, Jr. and was home to some of the most popular recording acts in the world, including Marvin Gaye, The Temptations, Stevie Wonder, Diana Ross & the Supremes, Smokey Robinson & The Miracles, The Four Tops, and Martha Reeves & the Vandellas. One major Detroit R&B artist from this era that was not in Motown's stable was Aretha Franklin.

Through the 1950's Detroit was one of America's most important jazz centers. Notable musicians from Detroit who achieved international recognition include: Elvin Jones, Hank Jones, Thad Jones, Tommy Flanagan, Lucky Thompson, Louis Hayes, Barry Harris, Paul Chambers, Marcus Belgrave, Milt Jackson, Kenny Burrell and Pepper Adams.

In the late 1960s, Metro Detroit also spawned a unique high-energy rock scene in antithesis to Motown and the more mellow scenes popular on the coasts. Area artists MC5 and Iggy and the Stooges laid the groundwork for the punk rock movement in the mid-1960s. Rock acts from southeast Michigan that first enjoyed success in the area include 1970s icons Bob Seger, Ted Nugent & The Amboy Dukes, The Romantics and Grand Funk Railroad as well as recent acts Kid Rock, Insane Clown Posse, Twiztid, The White Stripes, and The Von Bondies. Detroit is also home to The Black Dahlia Murder, a popular death metal band. The Detroit area is also generally accepted as the birthplace of the Techno movement, which has grown from local radio and clubs to dance venues worldwide over the past 25 years. As of 2006, fourteen groups or solo artists, four nonperformers, and two sidemen connected with the Detroit area have been enshrined in the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.

Detroit is more recently home to many hip-hop artists such as: Aaliyah, Eminem, Royce Da 5'9", Slum Village, Alley Life, Eastside Chedda Boyz, Rock Bottom, Juan, Trick Trick & The Goon Sqwad, D12, Teairra Mari, Tone-Tone, MC Breed, Blade Icewood, Big Herk, the Street Lord'z, are among the musical acts who have kept the diverse musical pipeline flowing.

Events

Detroit has two major events that are associated with the automobile industry: the North American International Auto Show (January) and the Woodward Dream Cruise (August). Many annual music events occur in the city, which are the Downtown Hoedown country music festival (May), DEMF/Movement/Fuse-In electronic music festival (May), Ford Detroit International Jazz Festival (September), and the Concert of Colors, a diverse summer music festival.

Other Detroit events include: the Windsor-Detroit International Freedom Festival (June–July), Comerica Tastefest (July), Detroit Thunder Fest hydroplane race (July), Detroit Fashion Week (August), Art on the Move, and the America's Thanksgiving Parade.

Due to the large Polish population, the day before Ash Wednesday, or the festival of Mardi Gras/Fat Tuesday, is more frequently known locally as Pączki Day (though traditionally celebrated by Poles five days earlier on Fat Thursday). Many Metro Detroiters join in the festivity by indulging in jelly-filled donuts called pączkis.

Food

Founded in 1907 by two Russian immigrant brothers in Detroit, Faygo soda (universally referred to as "pop" in the Detroit area) remains a Detroit tradition. Detroit was also the birthplace of Vernors ginger ale, the oldest surviving soft drink in the United States, Better Made potato chips and the Coney Island hot dog.

Media

The major daily newspapers serving Detroit are The Detroit Free Press and The Detroit News. Other Detroit publications are The Metro Times and Crain's Detroit Business[32], both weeklies. Detroit is also home to the weekly Michigan Chronicle, the state's largest African American owned newspaper, and the Michigan Citizen, another publication that targets African American readers.

The Detroit television market is the eleventh largest in the United States.[33] Broadcast channels in Detroit include WJBK (Fox), WDIV-TV (NBC), WXYZ (ABC), and WWJ-TV (CBS). Other Metro Detroit television stations include WDWB (The WB), WKBD-TV (UPN), WPXD-TV (Pax TV) and WADL-TV (primarily broadcasting infomercials). WTVS is the city's PBS station. Detroiters also receive broadcasts from CBET channel 9, the CBC Television affiliate in Windsor. Depending on location, some viewers can also receive the TVOntario, CTV, Global, A-Channel, Citytv, and SRC networks as well as stations in Toledo, Ohio, Flint, Bay City, and Midland. Comcast has the one cable franchise so far granted by the city.

Detroit is also served by a variety of radio stations. The primary AM stations are WJR 760 (news-talk), WWJ 950 (news), CKLW (Canadian general talk) and WDFN 1130 (sports). Several FM stations include WNIC 100.3 (mix-genre), 101.1 WRIF (Rock), WJLB 97.9 (urban contemporary), WMXD (urban adult contemporary), and WOMC 104.3 (oldies). WDET 101.9 is the city's NPR station. WUOM 91.7 and WEMU 89.1 are also regional NPR affiliates. Windsor radio stations CIMX 88.7 and CBC 89.9 can also be heard in the Detroit area.

In the 1960s, before widespread rock music exposure in national media, Detroit-area radio stations (especially CKLW with its powerful signal) were instrumental in propelling many musical acts to national stardom.

Sites of interest

The Detroit Institute of Arts (DIA) houses the works of Diego Rivera, Pablo Picasso and Vincent Van Gogh. The DIA is located in an area near Wayne State University (known as the Cultural Center, together with the Detroit Historical Museum, Charles H. Wright Museum of African American History, Detroit Science Center, and the main branch of the Detroit Public Library). Other cultural highlights include the Motown Historical Museum, Tuskegee Airmen Museum, Historic Fort Wayne (Detroit), Dossin Great Lakes Museum, and the Belle Isle Conservatory. One site for visitors is the J.W. Westcott II, the world's only floating post office that delivers to boats on the Detroit River.

Major parks include Belle Isle (the largest island park within a U.S. city), Palmer, River Rouge, Chene and Campus Martius Parks. Hart Plaza, located between the Renaissance Center and Cobo Hall on the riverfront, is the site of many events and various music festivals. Other city recreational facilities include municipal golf courses (William Rogell, Rouge, Belle Isle, Palmer Park), Northwest Activities Center, Detroit Zoo, the Anna Scripps Whitcomb Conservatory, and the Belle Isle Aquarium. The aquarium and zoo at Belle Isle are closed due to city budget cuts.

The most important civic sculpture in Detroit is the "Spirit of Detroit" which, when it was installed in 1958, was the largest cast sculpture made since the Renaissance. The sixteen foot (4 m) tall bronze kneeling man holds a golden orb in one hand and a golden family in the other. The image is often used as a symbol of Detroit and the statue itself is occasionally dressed in sports jerseys to celebrate when a Detroit team is doing well. A memorial to Joe Louis at the intersection of Jefferson and Woodward Avenues was dedicated on October 16, 1986. The sculpture, commissioned by Sports Illustrated and executed by Robert Graham, is a 24 foot (7.3 m) long arm with a fisted hand suspended by a pyramidal framework.

Sports

Like many blue collar cities, Detroit is known for its avid fans, particularly hockey and basketball. Detroit is home to professional teams representing the four major sports in North America. All but two play within the city of Detroit (basketball's Detroit Pistons and Detroit Shock play in suburban Auburn Hills). There are three active major sports venues in the city: Comerica Park for baseball, Ford Field for football, and Joe Louis Arena for ice hockey.

In college sports, the University of Detroit Mercy has a NCAA Division I program, and Wayne State University has both NCAA Division I and II programs. The NCAA football Motor City Bowl is held at Ford Field each December.

Detroit is home to the Detroit International Marathon, the world's only cross-national run. The city is also home to the American Power Boat Association Gold Cup unlimited hydroplane boat race, held annually on the Detroit River near Belle Isle.

Detroit was also the former home of a round of the Formula One World Championship, which held a race on the streets of downtown Detroit from 1982 until 1988, after which the sanction moved from Formula One to Indycars. CART continued downtown until 1992, when the race was moved to another temporary course on Belle Isle where the race remained through 2001.

Detroit was a finalist in bidding for the 1944, 1952, 1956, 1960, 1964, 1968, and 1972 Summer Olympic Games. No other city has made it to the final IOC Olympic host city elections as often without eventually being selected. [34].

Comerica Park hosted the 2005 MLB All Star Game on July 12, 2005, and Ford Field hosted Super Bowl XL on February 5, 2006. A world record was set on December 13, 2003, when the largest crowd in basketball history — 78,129 — packed Ford Field to watch the University of Kentucky defeat Michigan State University, 79–74. Ford Field will host the 2009 NCAA men's basketball Final Four and the 2010 NCAA men's ice hockey Frozen Four.

See also: U.S. cities with teams from four major sports

Infrastructure

Medicine

Detroit is home to three major medical systems: the Detroit Medical Center, Henry Ford Health System, and the St. John's Health System. Detroit Receiving Hospital and Henry Ford Hospital are both Level I trauma centers. Detroit is considered to have some of the busiest emergency rooms in the United States.

The Detroit Medical Center consists of Detroit Receiving Hospital and University Health Center, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Harper University Hospital, Hutzel Women's Hospital, Rehabilitation Institute of Michigan, and the Karmanos Cancer Institute. It is staffed by physicians from the Wayne State University School of Medicine, which is the largest single-campus medical school in the United States. Henry Ford Hospital, Children's Hospital of Michigan, and Harper University Hospital are consistently ranked by US News and World Report as some of the best hospitals in the United States. Although the medical school at Wayne State does not submit information to the US News and World Report rankings it is well known in the region for producing some of it's finest doctors and surgeons.

Transportation

Because of its gateway between the United States and Canada and its major industrial status — along with its major highways, rail connections and international airport — Detroit has been an important transportation hub. Some 35% of U.S. trade with Canada comes through Detroit.[35]

Detroit is the crossroads for three Interstate Highways: I-94 (Edsel Ford Freeway), I-96 (Jeffries Freeway) and I-75 (Fisher and Chrysler Freeways). I-696 (Walter Reuther Freeway) serves the northern suburbs, while I-275 serves the western suburbs and I-375 is a short extension of the Chrysler Freeway. Other major routes are the John C. Lodge Freeway (M-10), the Southfield Freeway (M-39) and the Davison Freeway (M-8). The city also has two international border crossings at the Ambassador Bridge and the Detroit-Windsor Tunnel, linking Detroit to Windsor, Ontario to Canadian Highway 401. The Ambassador Bridge is the nation's busiest border crossing in terms of volume and carries 25% of all US-Canada trade.

Coleman A. Young International Airport, known as Detroit City Airport, is on Detroit's northeast side. Although Southwest Airlines once flew from the airport, there is currently no commercial passenger service. Detroit Metropolitan Wayne County Airport (DTW), the area's principal airport, is located in nearby Romulus and is a hub for Northwest Airlines and Spirit Airlines. Willow Run Airport, in western Wayne and eastern Washtenaw counties near Ypsilanti is a general aviation and cargo airport. Willow Run served as the primary manufacturing center for the B-24 Liberator during World War II. This and other area industries led to Detroit's WWII nickname as the Arsenal of Democracy.[36]

Mass transit within the city functions within two separate spheres of influence. Bus services within the city are provided by the Detroit Department of Transportation (DDOT), which terminates at the suburbs' edges. Service in the suburbs is provided by Suburban Mobility Authority for Regional Transportation (SMART). Although SMART buses pick up passengers within Detroit, it cannot drop them off due to the exclusive jurisdiction the DDOT has over these routes. Combining the systems has been problematic and tainted by the racial politics that has affected all aspects of city-suburban relationships. An automated guideway transit system known as the People Mover provides a 2.9 mile (4.6 km) loop in the downtown area and usually operates daily.[37]

The city is also served by Amtrak with the current rail facility north of downtown. This replaced the still standing but neglected Michigan Central Station. The station was vacated in 1988. Warren & Wetmore — who designed Grand Central Terminal in New York City — built and opened the facility in 1913.

See also

• Black culture of Detroit
• Detroit in literature
• Detroit in the movies
• Dances of Detroit
• East Detroit
• Nain Rouge - a red dwarf who is said to attack people and bring bad luck to the city.
• People from Detroit

Notes

1. ^  Detroit's 'great warrior,' Coleman Young, dies (November 29, 1997). CNN.com.
2. ^ Wild Kingdom. Detroit Blog. Accessed March 8, 2006.
3. ^ Comerica Park has what Tiger Stadium didn't -- in many ways. The Detroit News
4. ^ Ford Field. Detroit Lions.
5. ^ Zacharias, Patricia (2001). The ghostly salt city beneath Detroit. The Detroit News.
6. ^ History of Eastern Market. Eastern Market Mechant's Association. Accessed March 8, 2006.
7. ^ Detroit Weather & Climate (2006). Michigan Vacations.
8. ^ Monthly Averages for Detroit, MI (2006). Weather.com.
9. ^ Records and Averages - Detroit (2006). Yahoo! Weather.
10. ^ Population of the 100 Largest Cities and Other Urban Places in the United States: 1790 to 1990 (June 1998). U.S. Bureau of the Census.
11. ^ Race Relations & Cultural Collaboration. New Detroit. Accessed March 8, 2006.
12. ^ Party store crackdown creates rift (February 16, 2006).
13. ^ Literacy Volunteers of America-Detroit. United Way for Southeastern Michigan
14. ^ Meeting on Supporting the Role of Fathers in Families - Statement of Travis Ballard (November 27, 1995). National Congress for Fathers and Children

Further reading

• Burton, Clarence M (1896). Cadillac's Village: A History of the Settlement, 1701-1710 (Detroit).
• Burton, Clarence M (1912). The Building of Detroit.
• Farley, Reynolds, et al. (2002). Detroit Divided, Russell Sage Foundation Publications. ISBN 0871542811.
• Peter Gavrilovich and Bill McGraw (2000). The Detroit Almanac, Detroit Free Press. ISBN 0937247340.
• Powell, L. P (1901). "Detroit, the Queen City," Historic Towns of the Western States (New York).
• Farmer, Silas (1889). The History of Detroit and Michigan (Detroit).
• Parkman, Francis (1994). The Conspiracy of Pontiac, University of Nebraska Press. 0803287372.
• Poremba, David Lee (2003). Detroit: A Motor City History, Arcadia Publishing. ISBN 0738524352.
• Sugrue, Thomas J (1998). The Origins of the Urban Crisis, Princeton University Press. ISBN 0691058881.

External links

Dictionary definitions from Wiktionary
Textbooks from Wikibooks
Quotations from Wikiquote
Source texts from Wikisource
Images and media from Commons
News stories from Wikinews

Municipal government and local Chamber of Commerce

• City of Detroit official website
• Detroit Metro Convention & Visitors Bureau
• Detroit Water and Sewerage Department
• Detroit Regional Chamber of Commerce

Historical research

• Forgotten Detroit
• Old Detroiter?
• HistoryDetroit
• Fabulous ruins of Detroit
• Detroit skyline

Current events

• MotorCityRocks.com:Chronicles the Detroit music scene
• Detroit Sports Online
• Detroit neighborhoods at CityscapeDetroit
• Travel guide to Detroit from Wikitravel

• Maps and aerial photos
  • Street map from Google Local or Yahoo! Maps
  • Topographic map from TopoZone
  • Aerial image or topographic map from TerraServer-USA
  • Satellite image from Google Local or Microsoft Virtual Earth

Coordinates: 42°20′18″N, 83°03′06″W

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