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Credit history or credit report is a record of an individual's or company's past borrowing and repaying, including information about late payments and bankruptcy. The term "credit reputation" can either be used synonymous to credit history or to credit score. When you fill out an application for credit from a bank, store or credit card company, your information is forwarded to a credit bureau, along with constant updates on the status of your credit accounts, address or any other changes you may have made since the last time you applied for any credit. This information is used by lenders such as credit card companies to determine an individual's or entity's credit worthiness; that is, determining an individual's or entity's means and willingness to repay an indebtedness. This helps determine whether to extend credit, and on what terms. With the adoption of risk based pricing on almost all lending in the financial services industry, this report has become even more important since it is usually the sole element used to choose the APR (annual percentage rate).
Obtaining your own credit reportUSAIn the USA, the Fair Credit Reporting Act entitles every taxpayer to one free personal credit report per agency every twelve months. The following website has been set up for this:
Note that the name of the site is annualcreditreport and should not be confused with a somewhat similarly named commercial site whose "free" offers may have strings attached. The free reports are available in all states as of September 1, 2005. Although consumers are entitled to reports from all three major agencies at once, it is possible to request one at a time. Staggering the reports every four months allows the consumer to continue monitoring their credit throughout the year. How to improve your credit rating
A credit bureau may sell your contact information to an advertiser purchasing a list of people with similar characteristics, like homeowners with excellent credit. A creditor can check your credit periodically and so note your file will no adverse effect to your credit history. Or, a credit counseling agency, with your permission, can pull your credit report with no adverse action. Each of the preceding examples are commonly referred to as a "soft" credit pull. However "hard" credit inquiries are made by lenders. Lenders, when granted a permissible purpose by you for the purposes of extending you credit, can check your credit history. Hard inquiries from lenders directly affect your credit score. Keeping credit inquiries to a minimum can help your credit rating. A lender may perceive many inquiries on your report as a signal that you are looking for loans and will possibly consider you a poor credit risk. To keep your credit rating good, try not to let companies access your history unnecessarily.
How to restrict companies from accessing your credit historyIn the USA, conditions for credit reports are set in § 1681b. Subsections (a)(3)(A) and (c)(1)(B) allow companies to obtain such information e.g. if they plan to send pre-approved credit cards. An interesting fact, which is not communicated in the official website, is that consumers can opt out according to subsection (e):
You may find out more about opt out options by visiting http://www.ftc.gov/privacy/protect.htm#Credit BibliographyOn the history and origins of credit reporting, see Born Losers: A History of Failure in America, by Scott A. Sandage (Harvard University Press, 2005), chapters 4-6. See also
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