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For the formal concept of computation, see computation.

information technology Portal

Originally, the word computing was synonymous with counting and calculating, and a science that deals with the original sense of computing mathematical calculations. "Computing" has come to mean the operation and usage of computing machines, the electrical processes carried out within the computing hardware itself, and the theoretical concepts governing them (computer science).

The following definition of computing is given in the ACM report Computing As a Discipline:

The discipline of computing is the systematic study of algorithmic processes that describe and transform information: their theory, analysis, design, efficiency, implementation, and application. The fundamental question underlying all the computing is 'What can be (efficiently) automated?'

1 Science and theory
2 Hardware
- 2.1 Instruction-level taxonomies
3 Software
4 History of computing
5 Business computing
6 Managed Service Provider, MSP
7 Human factors
8 Computer security
9 Data
- 9.1 Numeric data
- 9.2 Character data
- 9.3 Other data topics
10 Mechatronics
11 Classes of computers
12 Companies - current
13 Companies - historic
14 Professional organizations
15 Standards organizations and consortia
16 Miscellaneous

Science and theory

Computer science
Theory of computation
Computational models
DBLP, as of February 2006, now lists over 725 000 bibliographic entries on computer science and several thousand links to the home pages of computer scientists
Scientific computing

Hardware

See information processor for a high-level block diagram.

Computer hardware
Computer Hardware Design
Computer network
Computer system
History of computing hardware

Instruction-level taxonomies

After the commoditization of memory, attention turned to optimizing CPU performance at the instruction level. Various methods of speeding up the fetch-execute cycle include:

designing instruction set architectures with simpler, faster instructions: RISC as opposed to CISC
Superscalar instruction execution
VLIW architectures, which make parallelism explicit

Software

Software engineering
Computer programming
Software patent

History of computing

History of computing hardware from the tally stick to the quantum computer
Punch Card
Unit record equipment
IBM 700/7000 series
IBM 1400 series
System/360
Early IBM disk storage

Business computing

Accounting software
Computer-aided design
Computer-aided manufacturing
Computer-assisted dispatch
Customer relationship management
Data warehouse
Decision support system
Electronic data processing
Enterprise resource planning
Geographic information system
Management information system
Material requirements planning
Strategic enterprise management
Supply chain management
Product Lifecycle Management
Utility Computing

Managed Service Provider, MSP

Virtual IT Solution

Human factors

Accessible computing
Human-computer interaction

Computer security

Cryptology - cryptography - information theory
Cracking - demon dialing - Hacking - war dialing - war driving
Social engineering - Dumpster diving
Physical security - Black bag job
Computer insecurity
Computer surveillance
defensive programming
malware
security engineering

Data

Numeric data

integral data types - bit, byte, etc.
real data types:
- Floating point (Single precision, Double precision, etc.)
- Fixed point
- Rational number
Decimal
- Binary-coded decimal (BCD)
- Excess-3 BCD (XS-3)
- Biquinary-coded decimal
representation: Binary - Octal - Decimal - Hexadecimal (hex)
Computer mathematics - Computer numbering formats -

Character data

storage: Character - String - Text - Plain text
- representation: ASCII - Unicode - Multibyte - EBCDIC (Widecharacter, Multicharacter) - Fieldata - Baudot

Mechatronics

Punch card
Key punch
Unit record equipment

Classes of computers

Analog computer
Calculator
Desktop computer
Desknote
Digital computer
Embedded computer
Home computer
Laptop
Mainframe
Minicomputer
Microcomputer
Personal computer
Personal digital assistant (aka PDA, or Handheld computer)
Server
Supercomputer
Tablet PC
Video game console
Workstation

Companies - current

Apple Computer
Avaya
Dell
Fujitsu
Gateway Computers
Groupe Bull
Hewlett-Packard
Hitachi, Ltd.
IBM
Microsoft
NEC Corporation
NetCB
Novell
Red Hat
Silicon Graphics
Sun Microsystems
Unisys

Companies - historic

Acorn, bought by Olivetti
Bendix Corporation
Burroughs, merged with UNIVAC to become Unisys
Compaq, bought by Hewlett-Packard
Control Data
Cray
Data General
DEC, bought by Compaq, in turn bought by Hewlett-Packard
Digital Research - a software company for the early microprocessor-based computers
English Electric
Ferranti
General Electric, computer division bought by Honeywell, then Bull
Honeywell, computer division bought by Bull and
ICL
Leo
Lisp Machines, Inc.
Marconi
Nixdorf, bought by Siemens
Olivetti
Osborne
Packard Bell
Raytheon
Royal McBee
RCA
Scientific Data Systems, sold to Xerox
Siemens
Sinclair Research, created the ZX Spectrum, ZX80 and ZX81
Symbolics
UNIVAC, merged with Burroughs to become Unisys
Varian
Wang

Professional organizations

Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)
British Computer Society (BCS)
Association for Survey Computing (ASC)
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), in particular the IEEE Computer Society
Institution of Electrical Engineers
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC)

Standards organizations and consortia

(see also standardization)

International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC)
International Organization for Standardization (ISO)
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)
World Wide Web Consortium (W3C)

Miscellaneous

List of computer term etymologies
Load (computing)
Indian Language Computing

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This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "computing".