misspelledsearch.com:collagen productinformation page
If you cannot find the information you are searching for on this page, we suggest searching Google with the correct spelling "collagen product":
Tropocollagen triple helix. Collagen is the main protein of connective tissue in animals and the most abundant protein in mammals, making up about 1/4 of the total. It is one of the long, fibrous structural proteins whose functions are quite different from those of globular proteins such as enzymes. It is tough and inextensible, with great tensile strength, and is the main component of cartilage, ligaments and tendons, and the main protein component of bone and teeth. Along with soft keratin, it is responsible for skin strength and elasticity, and its degradation leads to wrinkles that accompany aging. It strengthens blood vessels and plays a role in tissue development. It is present in the cornea and lens of the eye in crystalline form. It is also used in cosmetic surgery — for example lip enhancement — although hyaluronic acid is now often used instead.
Composition and structureCollagen has an unusual amino acid composition and sequence. Glycine (Gly) is found at almost every third residue, and collagen contains large amounts of proline, (Pro) — as well as two uncommon derivative amino acids not directly inserted during translation of mRNA: hydroxyproline (Hypro) and hydroxylysine. Prolines and lysines at specific locations relative to glycine are modified post-translationally by different enzymes, both of which require vitamin C as a cofactor. Vitamin C deficiency causes scurvy, a serious and painful disease in which defective collagen prevents the formation of strong connective tissue. Gums deteriorate and bleed, with loss of teeth; skin discolors, and wounds do not heal. This was notorious in the British Royal Navy, where sailors were deprived of fresh fruits and vegetables during long voyages. Depending on the type of collagen, varying numbers of hydroxylysines have disaccharides attached to them. The tropocollagen subunit is a rod about 300 nm long and 1.5 nm in diameter, made up of three polypeptide strands, each of which is a left-handed helix. They are twisted together into a right-handed coiled coil, a triple helix, a cooperative quaternary structure stabilized by numerous hydrogen bonds. Tropocollagen subunits spontaneously self-assemble, with regularly staggered ends, into even larger arrays in the extracellular spaces of tissues. There is some covalent crosslinking within the triple helices, and a variable amount of covalent crosslinking between tropocollagen helices, to form the different types of collagen found in different mature tissues — similar to the situation found with the α-keratins in hair. Collagen's insolubility was a barrier to study until it was found that tropocollagen from young animals can be extracted because it is not yet fully crosslinked. A distinctive feature of collagen is the regular arrangement of amino acids in each of the three chains of these collagen subunits. The sequence often follows the pattern Gly-X-Pro or Gly-X-Hypro, where X may be any of various other amino acid residues. Gly-Pro-Hypro occurs frequently. This kind of regular repetition and high glycine content is found in only a few other fibrous proteins, such as silk fibroin. 75-80% of silk is (approximately) -Gly-Ala-Gly-Ala- with 10% serine — and elastin is rich in glycine, proline, and alanine (Ala), whose side group is a small, inert methyl. Such high glycine and regular repetitions are never found in globular proteins. Chemically-reactive side groups are not needed in structural proteins as they are in enzymes and transport proteins. The high content of Pro and Hypro rings, with their geometrically constrained carboxyl and (secondary) amino groups, accounts for the tendency of the individual polypeptide strands to form left-handed helices spontaneously, without any intrachain hydrogen bonding. The triple helix tightens under tension, resisting stretching, making collagen inextensible. Because glycine is the smallest amino acid, it plays a unique role in fibrous structural proteins. In collagen, Gly is required at every third position because the assembly of the triple helix puts this residue at the interior (axis) of the helix, where there is no space for a larger side group than glycine’s single hydrogen atom. For the same reason, the rings of the Pro and Hypro must point outward. These two amino acids thermally stabilize the triple helix — Hypro even more so than Pro — and less of them is required in animals such as fish, whose body temperatures are low. In bone, entire collagen triple helices lie in a parallel, staggered array. 40 nm gaps between the ends of the tropocollagen subunits probably serve as nucleation sites for the deposition of long, hard, fine crystals of the mineral component, which is (approximately) hydroxyapatite, Ca5(PO4)3(OH), with some phosphate. It is in this way that certain kinds of cartilage turn into bone. Collagen gives bone its elasticity and contributes to fracture resistance. Industrial usesIf collagen is solubilized and heated, the three tropocollagen strands separate into globular, random coils, producing gelatin, which is used in many foods, including flavored desserts. It is not a good dietary source for synthesizing bodily proteins in general because it lacks adequate amounts of most of the essential amino acids. However, collagen hydrolysates (collagen denatured into single strands and broken down into polypeptides) do find nutritional use, where it is suggested they can improve skin quality and aid joint health. These products are particularly popular in Japan. Collagen means "glue producer" (kolla is Greek for glue), derived from the early process of boiling the skin, hooves and sinews of horses and other animals to obtain glue. Collagen adhesive was used by Egyptians about 4,000 years ago, and Native Americans used it in bows about 1,500 years ago. The oldest glue in the world, carbon dated as more than 8,000 years old, was found to be collagen — used as a protective lining on rope baskets and embroidered fabrics, and to hold utensils together; also in crisscross decorations on human skulls.[1] Collagen normally converts to gelatin, but survived due to the dry conditions. Animal glues are thermoplastic, softening again upon reheating, and so they are still used in making musical instruments such as fine violins and guitars, which may have to be reopened for repairs — an application incompatible with tough, synthetic plastic adhesives, which are permanent. Animal sinews and skins, including leather, have been used to make useful articles for millennia. Gelatin-resorcinol-formaldehyde glue (and with formaldehyde replaced by less-toxic pentanedial and ethanedial) has been used to repair experimental incisions in rabbit lungs. (Ann Thorac Surg. 1994 Jun; 57(6): 1622-7) Types of collagenCollagen occurs in many places throughout the body, and occurs in different forms known as types, which include:
There are 27 types of collagen in total StainingIn histology, the dye methyl violet is used to stain the collagen in tissue samples. See also
External links and references
This collagen product index site has been developed to help wayward users find the information they are looking for, no matter how they are mistakenly spelled or mistyped. This site is designed to help users find collagen product information for the following query variants:
If you would like to add or correct the content of this site, or if you are interested in supporting the efforts of misspelledsearch.com by placing your product information on these collagen product pages, please contact mistype@gmail.com for details. This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "collagen". |