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For the place in Oxfordshire, England, see Chimney, Oxfordshire.

A chimney is a system for venting hot gases and smoke from a boiler, stove, furnace or fireplace to the outside atmosphere. They are typically almost vertical to ensure the hot gases flow smoothly, drawing air into the combustion through convection. The space inside a chimney is called a flue. Chimneys may be found in buildings, steam locomotives and ships (for the latter, the US term is smokestack and the UK term is funnel).

The term chimney may also be applied to natural features, particularly in rock formations.

History

Romans used tubes inside the walls to draw smoke out of bakeries but real chimneys appeared only in northern Europe in the 13th century. Industrial chimneys became common in the late 18th century.

Chimneys have traditionally been built of brick, both in small and large buildings. Early chimneys were of a simple brick construction. Later chimneys were constructed by placing the bricks around tile liners. To control downdrafts venting caps (often called chimney pots) with a variety of designs are sometimes placed on the top of chimneys.

In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, the methods use to extract lead from its ore produced large amounts of toxic fumes. In the north of England, long near-horizontal chimneys were built, often more than 3 km (2 miles) long, which typically terminated in a short vertical chimney in a remote location where the fumes would cause less harm. Lead and silver deposits formed on the inside of these long chimneys, and periodically workers would be sent along the chimneys to scrape off these valuable deposits.

Construction

Due to brick's limited ability to handle transverse loads, chimneys in houses were often built in a "stack", with a fireplace on each floor of the house sharing a single chimney, often with such a stack at the front and back of the house. Today's central heating systems have made chimney placement less critical, and the use of non-structural double-wall metal piping allows it to be bent around obstructions and through walls. In fact, modern high-efficiency furnaces do not require a chimney and can vent sideways through a wall.

Industrial chimneys were typically external structures, as opposed to being built into the wall of a building. Most often they were located near a central boiler, and the gases carried to it with external ductwork. Today the use of reinforced concrete has almost entirely replaced brick as a structural component in the construction of chimneys. Refractory bricks are often used as a lining, particularly if the type of coal generates smoke containing acids. Modern chimneys sometimes consist of a concrete windshield with a number of flues on the inside. The 300 metre chimney at Sasol Three consists of a 26 metre diameter windsheild with four 4.6 metre diameter concrete flues which are lined with refractory bricks built on rings of corbels spaced at 10 metre intervals. The reinforced concrete can be cast by conventional formwork or sliding formwork. The height is to ensure the pollutants are dispersed over a wider area to meet legislative or safety requirements.

Physics

A chimney draws combustion products out of the fireplace due to the fact that hot gas is lighter than the cool surrounding air (Ideal gas equation). The draught due to convection for a roughly prism-shaped chimney can approximately computed using: where V is the volume, A is the area of ends of the chimney flue, h is the height and δT is the difference in temperature between the top and the bottom. In SI units k is 0.0106 m³ / m^2.5 K^0.5s and in US-imperial, 16.6 cfm/sq ft. (foot degrees F) ^1/2.

An exhaust pipe serves a similar function to a chimney in moving machinery. The crucial difference is that, in an exhaust pipe, the waste gases are forced out under pressure, while in a chimney, the gases are carried out by convection in addition to being pushed out by a pressure difference resulting from Bernoulli's principle.

Drawbacks

A characteristic problem of chimneys is they develop deposits of creosote on the walls of the structure when used with wood as a fuel. Some types of wood, such as pine, generate more creosote than others. Deposits of this substance can interfere with the airflow and more importantly, they are flammable and can cause dangerous chimney fires if the deposits ignite in the chimney. Thus, it is recommended — and in some countries even mandatory — that chimneys be inspected annually and cleaned on a regular basis to prevent these problems. The workers who perform this task professionally are called chimney sweeps.

Masonry (brick) chimneys have also proved particularly susceptible to crumbling during earthquakes. Government housing authorities in quake-prone cities like San Francisco and Los Angeles now recommend building new homes with stud-framed chimneys around a metal flue. Bracing or strapping old masonry chimneys has not proved to be very effective in preventing damage or injury from earthquakes. Perhaps predictably, a new industry provides "faux-brick" facades to cover these modern chimney structures.

Other problems include "spalling" brick, in which moisture seeps into the brick and then freezes, cracking and flaking the brick and loosening mortar seals.

Dual-use chimneys

Some very high chimneys are used for carrying antennas of mobile phone services and low power FM/TV-transmitters. Special attention must be paid to possible corrosion problems if these antennas are near the exhaust of the chimney.

In some cases the chimneys of power stations are used also as pylons. However this type of construction is not very common, because of corrosion problems of conductor cables.

Trivia

Tall cylindrical chiimneys often survived explosion disasters without damage, which can be seen in pictures of destroyed factories after World War II. This inspired engineers after World War II to built cylindrical TV towers.

Cooling tower used as chimney

At some power stations, which are equipped with plants for the removal of sulfur and nitrogen oxides, it is possible to use the cooling tower as a chimney. (At plants without flue gas purification, strong corrosion would arise in the cooling tower). This can be seen in Germany at the Power Station Staudinger Grosskrotzenburg and with the Power Station Rostock.

Remarkable chimneys

External links

• Power Station Konakovskaya GRES, at which chimneys serve as electricity pylons

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