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The Federative Republic of Brazil Portuguese: República Federativa do Brasil, IPA: [ʁe'publikɐ fedeɾa'tʃivɐ du bɾa'ziw]^[1]) is the largest and most populous country in Latin America, and fifth largest in the world. Spanning a vast area between central South America and the Atlantic Ocean, it is the easternmost country of the Americas and it borders Uruguay, Argentina, Paraguay, Bolivia, Peru, Colombia, Venezuela, Guyana, Suriname and the French department of French Guiana—every South American nation except for Ecuador and Chile. Named after brazilwood (pau-brasil), a tree highly valued by early colonists, Brazil is home to both extensive agricultural lands and rain forests. Exploiting vast natural resources and a large labor pool, it is South America's leading economic power and a regional leader. It is also considered as a one of the world's major powers. As a former colony of Portugal, Portuguese is its official language.

History

Main article: History of Brazil

Brazil is thought to have been inhabited for at least 10,000 years by semi-nomadic populations when the first Portuguese explorers, led by Pedro Álvares Cabral, disembarked in 1500. Over the next three centuries, it was resettled by the Portuguese and exploited mainly for brazilwood (Pau-Brasil) at first, and later for sugarcane (Cana-de-Açúcar) agriculture and gold mining. The colony's source of manpower was initially on enslaved Amerindians, and after 1550, mainly African slaves. In 1808, Queen Maria I of Portugal and her son and regent, the future João VI of Portugal, fleeing from Napoleon, relocated to Brazil with the royal family, nobles and government. Though they returned to Portugal in 1821, the interlude led to the opening of commercial ports to the United Kingdom — at the time isolated from most European ports by Napoleon — and to the elevation of Brazil to the status of a united kingdom with Portugal's Crown. Then prince regent Dom Pedro I (later Pedro IV of Portugal) declared independence on 7 September 1822, establishing the independent Empire of Brazil. As the crown remained in the hands of the house of Bragança, this was more the severance of the Portuguese empire in two, than an independence movement as seen elsewhere in the Americas.

The Brazilian Empire was theoretically a democracy in the British style, although in practice, the emperor-premier-parliament balance of power more closely resembled the autocratic Austrian Empire. Slavery was abolished in 1888, and intensive European immigration created the basis for industrialization. Pedro I was succeeded by his son, Pedro II — who in old age was caught by a political dispute between the Army and the Cabinet, a crisis arising from the Paraguay War. In order to avoid a civil war between Army and Navy, Pedro II renounced the throne on 15 November 1889, when a federal republic was established by Field Marshal Deodoro da Fonseca.

In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, Brazil attracted over 5 million European and Japanese immigrants. That period also saw Brazil industrialize, further colonize, and develop its interior. Brazilian democracy was replaced by dictatorships three times — 1930–1934 and 1937–1945 under Getúlio Vargas, and 1964–1985, under a succession of generals appointed by the military. Today, Brazil is internationally considered a democracy since 1985, specifically a presidential democracy, which was kept after a plebiscite in 1993 where voters had to choose between a presidential or parliamentary systems, whilst also choosing if Brazil should reinstate its constitutional monarchy.

Geography

Main article: Geography of Brazil

Brazil is characterized by the extensive low-lying Amazon Rainforest in the north and a more open terrain of hills and low mountains to the south — home to most of Brazil's population and its agricultural base. Along the Atlantic seacoast are also found several mountain ranges, reaching roughly 2,900 metres (9,500 ft) high. The highest peak is the Pico da Neblina at 2,994 metres (9,823 ft), in Guiana's highlands. Major rivers include the Amazon, the largest river in the world by volume, and often considered the world's longest; the Paraná and its major tributary, the Iguaçu River, where the impressive Iguaçu falls are located; the Rio Negro, São Francisco, Xingu, Madeira and the Tapajós rivers.

Situated on the equator, Brazil's climate is predominantly tropical, with little seasonal variation. Although the subtropical south is more temperate, it occasionally experiences frost and snow. Precipitation is abundant in the humid Amazon Basin, but more arid landscapes are found as well, particularly in the northeast. A number of islands in the Atlantic Ocean are part of Brazil:

• Saint Peter and Paul Rocks
• Rocas Atoll
• Fernando de Noronha
• Trindade and Martim Vaz

See also

• Protected areas of Brazil
• List of mountains in Brazil
• Extreme points of Brazil

Demographics

Main article: Demographics of Brazil

See also: Indigenous peoples in Brazil

The dominant ancestry among Brazilians is the Portuguese, descendants of the early colonists or of 19th and 20th centuries Portuguese immigrants. The settlement of Portuguese started in Brazil after 1532, when the active process of colonization began since the founding of São Vicente. Until independence in 1822, the Portuguese were the only European nation that successfully settled in Brazil, and most of Brazil's culture is based on that of Portugal. The Dutch and the French also colonized Brazil during the 17th century, but their presence lasted only a few decades.

The original Amerindian population of Brazil (between 3-5 million) has in large part been exterminated or assimilated into the Portuguese population. Since the beginning of Brazil's colonization, intermarriage between the Portuguese and Native Brazilians has been common. Nowadays, there are 700,000 Native-Americans in Brazil, composing less than 1% of the national population.

Brazil has a large black population, descended from African slaves brought to the country from the 16th century until the 19th century. More than 3 million Africans were brought to Brazil until the end of slave trafficking in 1850. They were mainly from Angola, Nigeria, Benin, Togo, Ghana, the Ivory Coast and São Tomé e Príncipe. The African population in Brazil has mixed substantially with the Portuguese, resulting in a large mixed-race population.

Beginning in the 19th century, the Brazilian government stimulated European immigration to substitute for the manpower of the former slaves. The first non-Portuguese immigrants to settle in Brazil were Germans, in 1824. In 1869 the first Polish immigrants settled in Brazil. However, strong European immigration to Brazil began only after 1875, when immigration from Italy, Portugal and Spain increased. According to the Memorial do Imigrante, between 1870 and 1953, Brazil attracted nearly 5.5 million immigrants, Italians (1,550,000), Portuguese (1,470,000), Spaniards (650,000), Germans (210,000), Japanese (190,000), Poles or Russian (120,000) and 650,000 of many other nationalities. Brazil is home to the largest Italian population outside of Italy, with 25 million Italians and Italian-descended Brazilians.

Starting in the early 20th century, Brazil also received a large number of Asians: Korean, Chinese, Taiwanese, and Japanese immigrants. The Japanese are the largest Asian minority in Brazil, and Japanese-Brazilians are the largest Japanese population outside of Japan (1.5 million). Significant immigration from the Middle-East (Lebanon and Syria) has also occurred.

Brazil's population is mostly concentrated along the coast, with a lower population density in the interior. The population of the southern states is mainly of European descent, while the majority of the inhabitants of the north and northeast are of mixed ancestry (Amerindians, Africans and Europeans).

Ethnicity and race

According to the 2000 IBGE census:

• white 53.7%
• mixed race/mulatto 38.5%
• black 6.2%
• asian 0.5%
• amerindian 0.4%
• unspecified 0.7%

Brazil is roughly half White and half Mixed-Race/Mulatto or Black. However, Brazil's racial classification is based on skin color and physical appearance, not in ancestry. A recent DNA resource made by UFMG[2] shows that most Brazilians possess a combination of Amerindian (mainly Tupi and Guarani, among others), European (mainly Portuguese, Italian, Spanish and German), African (mainly Bantu and Yoruba) ancestry, with an Asian-descended minority (primary Japanese) and Arab (Lebanese and Syrian)

Southern Brazil has a large majority of people of European descent and in Southeast and Central-West Brazil the number of whites is somewhat equal to the number of Afro-Brazilian and Mixed Race Brazilians. Northeastern Brazil has a majority of people of African descent, while in Northern Brazil the Amerindian ancestry is predominant.

According to Brazil's 1988 Constitution, racism is an unbailable crime and must be met with imprisonment.^[3]

Politics

Main article: Politics of Brazil

The 1988 constitution grants broad powers to the federal government. The President has extensive executive powers; he appoints the Cabinet, and he is also both head of state and head of government. The President and Vice-President are elected on the same ticket by popular vote for four-year terms.

The Brazilian legislature, the bicameral National Congress or Congresso Nacional, includes the Federal Senate or Senado Federal of 81 seats, of which three members from each state or federal district are elected according to the principle of majority to serve eight-year terms; one-third elected after a four-year period, two-thirds elected after the next four-year period. Beside the Senate there is the Chamber of Deputies or Câmara dos Deputados of 513 seats, whose members are elected by proportional representation to serve four-year terms.

Regions and States

Main article: States of Brazil

Brazil consists of 26 states (estados, singular estado) and 1 federal district (distrito federal):

Brazil and its 26 states and Federal District are divided by IBGE into 5 distinctive regions: North, Northeast, Center-West, Southeast and South (Division by Regions).

• North: Acre, Amapá, Amazonas, Pará, Rondônia, Roraima and Tocantins.

The North constitutes 45.27% of the surface of Brazil and it is simultaneously the region with the lowest number of inhabitants. It is a fairly unindustrialized and undeveloped region, but it accommodates the largest rainforest of the world, the Amazon, and many indigenous tribes.

• Northeast: Alagoas, Bahia, Ceará, Maranhão, Paraíba, Pernambuco, Piauí, Rio Grande do Norte and Sergipe.

The Northeast has 1/3 of Brazil's population. The region is culturally diverse, with roots from the Portuguese colonial period, Afro-Brazilian culture and some Brazilian Indian influence. It is also the poorest region of Brazil, with long periods of dry climate. It is well-known for its beautiful coast.

• Central-West: Goiás, Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul and Federal District.

The Central-West is the second largest region of Brazil, but has a low demographic density, since most of the population is concentrated in large cities. It is where the capital of Brazil, Brasília, is located. The region also accommodates the Pantanal, the world’s largest wetland area.

• Southeast: Rio de Janeiro, Espírito Santo, Minas Gerais and São Paulo

The Southeast is the richest and most populated region of Brazil. It has more inhabitants than any other South American country, with two of the largest megalopolises of the world: São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro, the largest producer of oil and gas in Brazil. The region is very diverse, including the major business center of São Paulo, the Historical cities of Minas Gerais, the world famous beaches of Rio de Janeiro, and the Espírito Santo beautiful coast.

• South: Paraná, Santa Catarina and Rio Grande do Sul

The South is the wealthiest per capita region of Brazil, with the highest standard of living in the country. It is also the coldest part of Brazil, with occasional occurrences of frosts and snowstorms. The region has been heavily settled by European immigrants, mainly Germans and Italians, and shows clear influences from both cultures.

See also:

• List of cities in Brazil (all cities and municipalities)
• List of major cities in Brazil (metropolitan areas and major regional cities)

Economy

Main article: Economy of Brazil

See also: List of Brazilian companies and Bovespa

Possessing large and well-developed agricultural, mining, manufacturing, and service sectors, as well as a large labor pool, Brazil's GDP (PPP) outweighs that of any other Latin American country (except Mexico), being the core economy of Mercosur. The country has been expanding its presence in world markets. Major export products include airplanes, coffee, vehicles, soybean, iron ore, orange juice, steel, textiles, footwear and electrical equipment.

According to the CIA World Factbook Brazil had the eleventh largest economy in the world at purchasing power parity in 2004. Brazil has a diversified middle income economy with wide variations in levels of development. Most large industry is concentrated in the south and south east. The Northeast is traditionally the poorest part of Brazil, but it is beginning to attract new investment.

Brazil has the most advanced industrial sector in Latin America. Accounting for one-third of GDP, Brazil's diverse industries range from automobiles, steel and petrochemicals to computers, aircraft, and consumer durables. With the increased economic stability provided by the Plano Real, Brazilian and multinational businesses have invested heavily in new equipment and technology, a large proportion of which has been purchased from U.S. firms. Brazil has a diverse and sophisticated services industry as well. During the early 1990s, the banking sector accounted for as much as 16% of GDP. Although undergoing a major overhaul, Brazil's financial services industry provides local businesses with a wide range of products and is attracting numerous new entrants, including U.S. financial firms. The São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro stock exchanges are undergoing a consolidation and the reinsurance sector is about to be privatized.

Current events

After decades of inflation and several attempts to control it, Brazil embarked on a successful economic stabilization program, the Real Plan (named for the new currency, the real; plural: reais) in July 1994. Inflation, which had reached an annual level of nearly 5,000% at the end of 1993, fell sharply, reaching a low of 2.5% in 1998; it was 6% in 2000. Passage of the Fiscal Responsibility Law in mid-2000 improved fiscal discipline at all three levels - federal, state, and municipal - and all three branches of government.

A series of constitutional reform proposals were presented (mostly by Cardoso Administration) to replace a state-dominated economy with a market-oriented one and to restructure all levels of government on a sound fiscal basis. Congress has approved several amendments to open the economy to greater private sector participation, including the involvement of foreign investors. By the end of 2003, Brazil's privatization program, which included the sale of steel and telecommunications firms, had generated proceeds of more than $90 billion.

In January 1999, the Brazilian Central Bank announced that the real would no longer be pegged to the U.S. dollar. This devaluation helped moderate the downturn in economic growth in 1999 that investors had expressed concerns about over the summer of 1998. Brazil's debt to GDP ratio of 48% for 1999 beat the IMF target and helped reassure investors that Brazil will maintain tight fiscal and monetary policy even with a floating currency. The economy grew 4.4% in 2000, but problems in Argentina in 2001, and growing concerns that the presidential candidate considered most likely to win, leftist Luis Inácio Lula da Silva, would default on the debt, triggered a confidence crisis that caused the economy to deccelerate.

But that did not happen. During his first year as president, in 2003, President Lula decided to take an austere approach to the economy by controlling inflation and seeking current account surpluses in order to meet Brazil's debt obligations. With a economic program, combining restrictive monetary policy and raise of taxes, Lula surprised all the economic agents.

The left wing government increased international confidence and improved Brazilian debt ratings. And the Brazilian economy seems to have detached itself from politics.

After a GDP increase of 0.5% in 2003, Brazil has allegedly enjoyed a robust growth in 2004, decreasing to the pace of 2,3% (2005), performance helped by international economic growth and consequential expansion of exports. In January 10, 2006, the IMF has shown satisfaction[4] with Brazil's economic policies. Brazil already paid off its debts with the International Monetary Fund and the Paris Club.

Major issues

The economy still has serious problems to face. The internal public debt has reached the all time record (surpassing in 2005 R$ 1 trillion) and public expenses have been increased. The presence of government in the economy is still large.

Important reforms were not implemented and taxes already represent a considerable part of national income and a serious burden to all social classes, diminishing opportunities for investments and still not being enough to generate a nominal fiscal surplus.

Serious problems involving poor infrastructure, income concentration, low quality public services, widespread corruption, government burocracy among others persist and threaten the potential economic growth of Brazil, compared to other emerging countries with more flexible and dynamic commercial policies. Current economic growth is below of those presented by comparable Latin American countries and is dwarfed by China and India. Concerns about losing manufacturing units (or even depletion of entire industrial sectors) to Asian countries have risen, yet even though not properly addressed by the Brazilian government, which seems not to have an industrial and development plan, anxiety expressed constaintly by Federação das Indústrias de São Paulo. Brazil has consistently dropped 11 positions on the WEF Growth Competitiveness Index ranking from 2003 to 2005.[5][6][7].

Also the concept of private property, although protected by the Brazilian constitution, has been disrespected recently [8], common fact in developing countries that burdens capital costs of companies. The Landless Workers' Movement (MST) stimulates a large diversity of vandalism acts against private properties, including productive and development areas. On March 08, 2006, MST sponsored an aggressive attack against Aracruz Celulose, destroying a nursery and a research center in Barra do Ribeiro, 56 km of Porto Alegre. [9]

Poverty, illiteracy and income concentration

Brazil currently has 45 million people living in conditions of poverty. This is a critical issue.

Poverty in Brazil can be seen in the large metropolitan areas (capitals) and in the "pockets of poverty" (upcountry regions with low rates of economic and social development). The Northeast has chronic problems thanks to the semi-arid climate in the inner regions. It has millions of people suffering hunger. President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva has proposed a program (Fome Zero) to mitigate this problem.

About 8% of the Brazilian population is officially considered illiterate but over 30% of the total population do not have capacity to read and write texts, although a growing percentage show some writing and computing abilities.[10]

International rankings

• A.T. Kearney/Foreign Policy Magazine: Globalization Index 2005, ranked 57 out of 62 countries
• IMD International: World Competitiveness Yearbook 2005, ranked 51 out of 60 economies (countries and regions)
• Reporters without borders: Fourth annual worldwide press freedom index (2005), ranked 63 out of 167 countries
• Save the Children: State of the World's Mothers 2005, ranked 50 out of 110 countries
• The Wall Street Journal: 2005 Index of Economic Freedom, ranked 90 out of 155 countries
• The Economist: The World in 2005 - Worldwide quality-of-life index, 2005, ranked 39 out of 111 countries
• Transparency International: Corruption Perceptions Index 2004, ranked 59 out of 146 countries
• United Nations Development Programme: Human Development Index 2005, ranked 63 out of 177 countries
• United Nations Development Programme: Inequality measures - GINI Index 2005, ranked 169 out of 177 countries
• World Economic Forum: Global Competitiveness Report 2004-2005 - Growth Competitiveness Index Ranking, ranked 65 out of 104 countries
• Yale University Center for Environmental Law and Policy and Columbia University Center for International Earth Science Information Network: Index of Environmental Sustainability Index, ranked 11 out of 146 countries.

Technology

Main article: Science and technology in Brazil

Brazil has important technology poles located at São José dos Campos, Campinas, São Carlos, Rio de Janeiro, Curitiba, Porto Alegre, Belo Horizonte and São Paulo.

Culture

Main article: Culture of Brazil

Brazil is a multiracial country, and its culture reflects the wide variety of ethnic groups found in the country: Amerindians, Portuguese, Africans, Italians, Germans, Spaniards, Japanese, Arabs, etc. As result of intense mixing of peoples, a rich mix of different cultures has been synthesized.

• Brazilian Carnival
• Religion in Brazil
• Cuisine of Brazil
• List of Brazilians
• Literature of Brazil
• Music of Brazil
• Cinema of Brazil
• Holidays in Brazil
• Brazil Skyscrapers

Languages

Portuguese is the official language, and is spoken by the majority of the population. Brazil is the only Portuguese-speaking nation in the Americas, giving it a national culture distinct from its Spanish-speaking neighbors.

Portuguese is the only official language of Brazil, and there are few regional variances. It is virtually the only language used in schools, newspapers, radio and TV, and for all business and administrative purposes.

The language spoken in Brazil is slightly different from that spoken in Portugal and other Portuguese-speaking countries, with some phonological and orthographic differences, although mutual comprehension is not affected.

English is part of the official high school curriculum, but just a minority achieve any usable degree of fluency. Spanish is understood in various degrees by most Portuguese speakers, due to the similarities of the languages. Spanish is slightly common in the border of Brazil with Spanish-speaking countries and the mixture of Spanish and Portuguese is jocosely known as Portunhol or Portuñol. On July 8, 2005, it was decided that an important communication tool for its Mercosur relations and that Spanish should be adopted as a second language. It will be taught in secondary school which will benefit 10 to 12 million students whenever the new bill comes in effect. [11].

Many minority languages are spoken daily throughout the vast national territory of Brazil. Half of these languages are spoken by indigenous peoples, mostly in Northern Brazil. The main indigenous languages are: Tupi, Guarani (also in Paraguay), Kaingang, Nadëb, Carajá, Caribe, Tucano, Arára, Terêna, Borôro, Apalaí, Canela and many others.

Still others are spoken by communities of descendants of immigrants, who are for the most part bilingual, in rural areas of Southern Brazil. These communities speak dialects of Italian, German, Polish or Japanese languages. The most dominant spoken Brazilian German dialect is Riograndenser Hunsrückisch, a Brazilian variation of the Hunsrückisch dialect of German. Talian is the main spoken Italian dialect in Brazil, and is based on the Venetian Language, which has its origin in Northern Italy.

German is spoken as first language by 1,500,000 people, Italian is spoken by 500,000 Japanese by 400,000 and Korean language by 37,000. However, these non-Portuguese speaking immigrants communities in Brazil are in full decline, especially among teenagers, who learn primary Portuguese.

Religion

Main article: Religion in Brazil

About 74% of the population in Brazil are Roman Catholic. Followers of Protestantism are rising in number, currently at 15.4%. Spiritism constitutes 1.3% of the population (about 2,3 million) and is the country with the most adepts of this religion. African traditional religions such as Candomblé, Macumba, and Umbanda are the next largest groups. There are around 120,000 members of the Jewish community (located mostly in São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro but also in Brasilia, Curitiba, Porto Alegre and other major towns) while Buddhism, Shinto, and other Asian religions are also sizeable. There are around 28,000 muslims, or 0.01% of the population. Some practice a mixture of different religions, such as Catholicism, Candomble and indigenous American religion combined.

Brazil is the country with the largest Catholic population in the world, as well the country with the most members of Asian religions in the Western world.

Sports

Main article: Sports in Brazil

The most popular sport in Brazil is Football (soccer). The National Team is immensely popular, not only in Brazil but also in the many parts of the world where football is appreciated, and there is also a renowned National League, boasting a nation-wide competition as well as several regional competitions. The Brazilian national team has been victorious in the World Cup tournament a record five times. Pele, one of the world's most recognized players, led Brazil to three of those championships. After the third time, Brazil kept the World Cup trophy permanently. Some of the contemporary talents in the national team prominent in the football world include Ronaldinho, Rivaldo and Ronaldo. The current holder of the title of best football player in the world, according to FIFA, is Ronaldinho, who won the FIFA World Player of the Year prize in 2004 and 2005.

Three other variations of football are widely practiced by Brazilians, namely Futsal, an indoor version with teams composed of 5 players, beach football, which originated in the beaches of Rio de Janeiro and Footvolley, which is a mix of football and volleyball, where the players must use their feet and head to get the ball over the net and into the opponent's court, and is also played in sand.

Volleyball is also a very popular sport in Brazil. National and state leagues are popular and enjoy good public attendance. Television coverage is more limited. Brazil's national team has also been very successful, particularly in winning men's gold medals in the 1992 and 2004 Olympic Games. Beach volleyball has also given Brazilian athletes much success worldwide, today Brazil is the ruling country, with six of its players in the first six positions of FIVB ranking: these include Emanuel Rego, Ricardo Santos, Marcio Araujo and others.

Basketball is also popular, but lost popularity after the increased attention volleyball has gained recently. The Brazilian national team has won the Basketball World Championship twice, in 1959 and 1963. Brazilian Oscar Schmidt was one of the best basketball players of basketball history.

Recently tennis has also raised interest. Gustavo Kuerten (a.k.a. Guga) reached number 1 status in the ATP world ranking in 2001, having won the Roland Garros French Open 3 times (1997, 2000 and 2001).

Auto racing has also been very popular for a very long time, and Brazil has produced some Formula One world champions: Emerson Fittipaldi (1972 and 1974), Nelson Piquet (1981, 1983 and 1987) and Ayrton Senna (1988, 1990 and 1991), as well as an Indy Racing League champion, Tony Kanaan in 2004.

Sailing is another strong sport, in spite of the fact that is an elite sport.

Brazilian jiu-jitsu, a regional martial art, is a significant extension to the original jiu-jitsu. It is renowned with martial artists throughout the world.

See also:

• Brazil national football team
• Brazilian Football League Teams

Some fight sports with Brazilian origins have become popular around the world:

• Capoeira
• Vale tudo

Notes

^  The pronunciation in this article reflects standard Brazilian pronunciation. Other possible pronunciation in Brazil is [hɛ.'pu.bli.kɐ fe.de.ɾa.'tʃi.vɐ du bɾa.'ziw]. The European Portuguese pronunciation of the official name of Brazil is: [ʁɛ.'pu.βli.ka fɨ.ðɨ.ɾɐ.'ti.vɐ du bɾɐ.'ziɫ].

See also

• Major power - Brazil
• Military of Brazil
• Communications in Brazil
• Foreign relations of Brazil
• Human rights in Brazil
• Public holidays in Brazil
• Transportation in Brazil

Flora and fauna

• List of Brazilian mammals
• List of Brazilian birds
• List of Brazilian reptiles
• List of plants of Caatinga vegetation of Brazil
• List of plants of Cerrado vegetation of Brazil
• List of plants of Pantanal vegetation of Brazil

Footnotes

Much of the material in these articles comes from the CIA World Factbook 2000 and the 2003 U.S. Department of State website.

1. ^  CERD COMMITTEE ON THE ELIMINATION OF RACIAL DISCRIMINATION, Thirteenth periodic report of States parties due in 1994 : Brazil. 22/02/96.CERD/C/263/Add.10. (State Party Report)

External links

Dictionary definitions from Wiktionary
Textbooks from Wikibooks
Quotations from Wikiquote
Source texts from Wikisource
Images and media from Commons
News stories from Wikinews

• Wagley, Charles (1963). An Introduction to Brazil, New York, New York: Columbia University Press.

Government, administration, economy & politics

• Brasil.gov.br - Official governmental portal (in Portuguese)
• Banco Central do Brasil - Central Bank of Brazil (in Portuguese/English)
• Câmara dos Deputados - Official Chamber of Deputies site (in Portuguese)
• Economic Survey of Brazil 2005
• Fome Zero - Official site of Fome Zero (zero hunger) program (in Portuguese)
• Ministério do Meio Ambiente - Ministry of the Environment of Brazil (in Portuguese)
• Presidência da República - Official presidential site (in Portuguese)
• Senado Federal - Official senatorial site (in Portuguese)
• Supremo Tribunal Federal - Supreme Federal Court (in Portuguese)
• Superior Tribunal de Justiça - Superior Court of Justice (in Portuguese)
• Ministério das Relações Exteriores - Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Português/English/Español)
• Consular Corps of Brazil - Official Website of CC Brazil (English)

Information, statistics

• Library of Congress - A Country Study: Brazil
• Flora Brasiliensis - Flora of Brazil (in English and Portuguese)
• Latin Business Chronicle: Updated Brazil economic statistics, reports and links
• Open Directory Project - Brazil directory category
• Brazilink - Selected and updated sources by experts (in English)
• IBGE - Brazilian Institute for Geography and Statistics (English, Español, Português)
• Mapa Fácil - Online maps of more than 5000 Brazilian cities (in Portuguese)
• National Library (in Portuguese and English)
• São Paulo Convention & Visitors Bureau (in Portuguese and English)

News and media

• Brasil-Post (in German)
• Jornal do Brasil - Rio de Janeiro newspaper (in Portuguese)
• O Globo - Rio de Janeiro newspaper (in Portuguese)
• O Dia - Rio de Janeiro newspaper (in Portuguese)
• O Estado de São Paulo - São Paulo newspapers (in Portuguese)
• Folha de São Paulo - São Paulo newspaper (in Portuguese)
• Correio Braziliense - Brasília newspaper (in Portuguese)
• Gazeta Mercantil - Business newspaper (in Portuguese and English)
• UOL - Brazilian portal (in Portuguese)
• iG - Brazilian portal (in Portuguese)
• Terra - Brazilian portal (in Portuguese)
• Globo.com - Brazilian portal (in Portuguese)

Brazilian television

• Globo - Brazilian network
• SBT - Brazilian network
• Record - Brazilian network
• Band - Brazilian network
• Rede TV! - Brazilian network
• Rede Cultura - Brazilian network
• MTV - MTV Brazilian channel
• Rede Vida - Religious channel
• RIT - Religious channel

Society, social movements, etc.

• Human Rights Watch (in English)
• Amnesty International (in English)
• CMI - Independent Media Center (in Portuguese)
• MST - Landless Labor Movement (in Portuguese)
• O Eco - Environment issues of Brazil (in Portuguese)

Art, cooking, culture, history, travel

• Alternative Brazil Travel info (in English)
• Brazil Travel Guide (in English)
• Brazil Independent Travel Guide
• Ceará and Fortaleza tourism information (in Portuguese)
• Dona Brasil on cooking, culture and travel (in English and Dutch)
• Dutch Portuguese Colonial History Dutch Portuguese Colonial History: history of the Portuguese and the Dutch in Ceylon, India, Malacca, Bengal, Formosa, Africa, Brazil. Language Heritage, lists of remains, maps.
• Gringoes.com Useful portal based in Sao Paulo, Brazil (in English)
• EasyPortuguese-- Learn the Portuguese spoken in Brazil.
• Ethnologue Languages of the World - Languages of Brazil
• Maria-Brazil - The first Brazilian pop-culture web site produced in the USA. Note: The section Maria's Cookbook is widely praised (site in English)
• Recife and Porto de Galinhas tourism information (in Portuguese)
• Photos of People and Sights
• Rio For Partiers - Award winning travel guide to Rio de Janeiro and Salvador
• sonia-portuguese Learning Portuguese
• The Brazilian Sound Brazilian music & culture (in English)
• Travelling in Brazil (in English)
• Brazil Information - information about Brazil and the Portuguese language.
• Porto Seguro Bahia tourism information (in Portuguese)
• Virtual Brazil - Information about Brazilian culture, economy and tourism (in English)
• Viva Brasil! All about Brazilian Culture & Brazilian Portuguese
• Hy-Brazil Origins of the name Brazil
• Travel guide to Brazil from Wikitravel
• Rio-Online.com - City Information Rio de Janeiro
• Brazilpostcard - Old Postcards from Brazil Vintage Postcards

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blazirian hammock	blazirain hammock	blazilein hammock	brazirein hammock
brazileen hammock	blazileen hammock	brazireen hammock	brazilean hammock
blazilean hammock	brazirean hammock	blazirean hammock	brazilein hammock
blazirai hammock	brazilia hammock	brazirea hammock	blazilia hammock
blazirea hammock	brazilai hammock	bazilia hammock	blazilai hammock
brzilia hammock	brazilea hammock	brailia hammock	blazilea hammock
brazlia hammock	braziria hammock	braziia hammock	blaziria hammock
brazila hammock	brazirai hammock	braziiian hammock	brazlllan hammock
braziliam hammock	brazilina hammock	braziilan hammock	brazliian hammock
braizlian hammock	brzailian hammock	barzilian hammock	rbazilian hammock
razilian hammock