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For other uses, see Blue (disambiguation).

Blue is any of a number of similar colors. When it is a pure color from a single source, it corresponds with a wavelength range of about 420–490 nanometers. It is considered to be one of the three primary additive colors in RGB system; blue light has the shortest wavelength range of the three additive primary colors. The English language commonly uses "blue" to refer to any color from blue to cyan.

Blue in RGB system

In the RGB color system, colors are made by mixing a red, a green and a blue color. When talking about RGB, therefore, some people use blue to mean that specific blue, which varies in shade according to the device used to display the RGB color. Absolute color spaces based on RGB, such as sRGB define an exact color for this blue, which may differ from the actual blue used in a particular computer monitor.

Naming and etymology

Blue in English

Main article: Color name

The modern English word blue comes from the Middle English, where it began to be used along with bleu, an Old French word of Germanic origin (possibly Old High German blao, "shining"). A Scots and Scottish English word for "blue-grey" is blae, from the Middle English bla ("dark blue," from the Old English blæd). As a curiosity, blue is thought to be cognate with blond and black, also with Latin flavus ("yellow"; see flavescent and flavine) and with Russian белый, belyi ("white," see beluga), all of which derive (according to the American Heritage Dictionary) from the Proto-Indo-European root *bhel- meaning "to shine, flash or burn", whence the names of various bright colors, and that of color black from a derivation meaning "burnt" (other words derived from this root include bleach, bleak, blind, blank, blush, blaze, flame, fulminate, flagrant and phlegm).

Blue and green in other languages

Main article: Distinguishing "blue" from "green" in language

Many languages do not have separate terms for blue and green, instead using a cover term for both (when the issue is discussed in linguistics, this cover term is sometimes called grue in English). For example, in Vietnamese both tree leaves and the sky are xanh (to distinguish, one may use xanh lá cây "leaf grue" for green and xanh nước "water grue" for blue). Chinese has a word 青 qīng that can refer to both, though it also has separate words for blue (蓝 / 藍, lán) and green (绿 / 綠, lǜ). In Japanese the word for blue (青"ao") is often used for colors that English speakers would refer to as green, such as the color of a traffic signal meaning "go". In traditional Welsh (and related Celtic languages), glas could refer to blue but also to certain shades of green and grey; however, modern Welsh is tending towards the 11-color Western scheme, restricting glas to blue and using gwyrdd for green and llwyd for grey. In Swedish, blå, the modern word for blue, was used to describe black until the early 20th century.

Blue in Russian language

On the other hand, Russian does not have a single word referring to the whole range of colors denoted by the English term "blue." Instead, it traditionally treats light blue (голубой, goluboy) as a separate color independent from plain or dark blue (синий, siniy), with all 7 "basic" colors of spectrum (red - orange - yellow - green - (ru:голубой / goluboy / light blue, not equel cyan) - (ru:синий / siniy / dark blue) - violet); while in English the light blues like azure and cyan are considered mere shades of "blue" and not shades of a different color. To better understand this, consider that English makes a similar distinction between "red" and light red (pink, which is considered a different color and not merely a kind of red), but such a distinction is unknown in several other languages; for example, both "red" (红 / 紅, hóng) and "pink" (粉红, fěn hóng, lit. "powder red") have traditionally been considered varieties of a single color in Chinese.

Blue in Turkish language

Finally, it has been argued that Turkish treats dark or navy blue (lacivert, curiously a cognate of English azure and lapis lazuli) as a separate color from plain or light blue (mavi).

Sky

A clear sky on a sunny day appears blue because of Rayleigh scattering of the light from the Sun. Large quantities of water appear blue because red light around 750 nm is absorbed as an overtone of the O-H stretching vibration. Interestingly, heavy water is colorless, because the absorption band (~950 nm) is outside the visible spectrum.

In alive nature

Plants

• Blue agave (Agave tequilana var. weber) is a blue-leafed variety of the Mexican agave, used for making tequila.
• Bluebonnets are two lupine annual flowers in the Lupinus genus that are native to Texas: Lupinus subcarnosus and Lupinus texensis. They have a light blue appearance and palmately compound leaves. In Scots it refers to the bird Parus cœruleus.
• Bluebell may refer to both the bulbous plants in the Hyacinthoides genus of lilies, or the plants in the genus Mertensia.
• Blueberry refers to any of the plants in the genus Vaccinium, all of which have flowers with edible berries colored blue to blue-black, which are also called "blueberries".
• Blue Flag Iris, Iris versicolor, also commonly known as the Harlequin Blueflag.
• Blue Jacaranda, an ornamental tree with blue flowers.

Animals

• Bluebill is a synonym for scaup, the name for two diving ducks in the Aythya genus: Greater Scaup (Aythya marila) and Lesser Scaup (Aythya affinis).
• Bluebirds are any of the North American songbirds in the genus Sialia: Eastern Bluebird (Sialia sialis), Western Bluebird (Sialia mexicana), or Mountain Bluebird (Sialia currucoides). They are medium-sized thrushes that usually have blue plumage and, in males, a rust-color breast.
• Blueback salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) is a synonym for sockeye salmon.
• Bluebottles or blow-flies are any of the flies in the genus Calliphiora that have a brightly-colored metallic body and breed in decaying organic material.
• Blue catfish (Ictalurus furcatus) is a long bluish North American catfish species, often weighing more than 45 kg (100 pounds).
• Blue poison dart frogs (Dendrobates azureus) are poisonous South American frogs that bioaccumulate neurotoxins in their blue skin.

When a dog or cat is described as having a "blue" coat, it refers to a shade of grey which takes on a bluish tint, and diluted variant of a pure black coat. Breeds such as the Kerry Blue Terrier dog and Russian Blue cat have solid "blue" coats, as does the "British Blue" variety of the British Shorthair cat. Others, such as the Australian Shepherd and Border Collie, may have blue merle coats, which is "blue" mixed in with a solid, usually brown or black, base color. (See also Blue Dog Democrats, below).

The western skink has a brilliant cobalt blue tail.

Geography

Mountains and ranges

• Blue Ridge Mountains, eastern edge or front range of the Appalachian Mountains.
• Blue Mountains, sandstone mountain range west of Sydney, Australia

Rivers

• Blue Nile, a river originating at Lake Tana in Ethiopia.
• Blue Earth River, a tributary of the Minnesota River in Minnesota, United States. Blue Earth is a translation of the Dakota Indian word Mahkato, meaning greenish blue earth. The Blue Earth River is named from the bluish green earth that was used by the Sisseton Dakota as a pigment, found in a shaley layer of the rock bluff of this stream about three miles from the river mouth.

Symbolism and expressions

Blue often denotes injury, such as in the phrase "black and blue," since it is the color of a bruise. Blue is used also as a word to denote a sad or melancholy state, as in depression, or simply a state of deep contemplation (however, the phrase "blue skies," referring to sunny weather, implies cheerfulness). Symbolically, blue is associated with that state, such as the term blue period to describe Pablo Picasso's work form 1901 to 1904.

• Blue is associated with water.

• Blue sky is a term used to describe the ability to conceptualize or create something from nothing. In other words, ex nihilo. It is a term that can describe a person, i.e. She's an amazing blue sky business analyst. It can also be used to illustrate constraints, i.e. You cannot work from a blue sky angle as there are limitations to what can be done for this project.

• In old Australian slang, a "blue" can also describe a fight or an argument. Men with red hair may be nicknamed "Bluey". The phrase "true blue" also means "genuine" (example : "He's a true blue Aussie").

• A blue joke or blue comedy is comedy which uses references to socially taboo subjects such as sexual or lavatorial double entendre.

• Blue law is the term for laws regulating issues of morality, such as alcohol, gambling, or pornography.

• Although blue is traditionally associated with boys as pink is associated with girls, there have also been periods in which pink was considered proper for boys and blue for girls, and times when no set color convention appears to have been in place. [1]

• Blue is the color of the snooker ball which has a 5-point value.

• Blue is a variety of credit card issued by American Express.
• The German word for blue is used for "drunk". "blau machen" (make blue) means to skip work.
• In Russian, the word for light blue is slang for "gay".
• Blue movie is a slang term for a pornographic film. There are also "blue magazines". This term is most common in Britain but also used in the United States and Israel.
• In auto racing, a blue flag advises a car to yield to faster traffic behind.
• Blue balls is a slang term for a temporary fluid congestion in the scrotum and prostate region. It is most commonly associated with adolescents but can occur in any sexually mature male. It is often accompanied by a deep, agonizing, cramping ache.
• Royalty are sometimes described as having blue blood.
• A "blue chip" is the nickname for a stock that is thought to be safe and in excellent financial shape.
• In the United States, $1 bills are delivered by the Federal Reserve Bank in blue straps.
• Blue is often a colour used to symbolise honesty and trustworthiness. Hence it is used by mortgage companies and banks.

Books and written works

A "blue book" is an almanac or similar reference work. For example, the Oregon Blue Book is the official directory and fact repository of the state of Oregon, while the Harvard Bluebook dictates a style of legal citation. The Blue Book is a term for a policy document issued by the Federal Communications Commission in the United States in 1946, urging television networks to uphold their commitment to public service. The Kelley Blue Book is a popular guide used for automobile prices.

A "blue examination book" is a book of blank, lined writing paper having a blue cover. It is often used in american schools and universities as a convenient place for students to write answers to problems and essays during an examination. A popular supplier of blue examination books is Roaring Spring Paper Products in Roaring Spring, PA, originally founded as the Roaring Spring Blank Book Company in 1887.

Blue pages are a telephone directory of government offices—either an official blue book or a section of a commercial directory. Compare with the yellow pages or white pages.

In The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy there are many references to the Hooloovoo, "a super-intelligent shade of the color blue."

On Being Blue: A Philosophical Inquiry is a book-length essay by William H. Gass.

Prizes

"Blue ribbon" is a term used to describe something of high quality, such as a blue-ribbon panel or a blue-ribbon commission. This comes from the practice of awarding blue ribbons for first place in competitions. The Blue Riband was a notional prize conferred since the 1860s to the ship that made the fastest trans-Atlantic crossing. The first ship actually to fly a blue pennant from her masthead upon winning this was the French liner Normandie in 1936.

Math, science, and technology

• "Big Blue" is a nickname for IBM.

• IBM's chess computer (which defeated chess champion Garry Kasparov) was called Deep Blue.

• Users of Microsoft Windows often use the term "blue" to describe a computer that has encountered a "blue screen of death."

• A blue box is an electronic device with a tone pulsator that simulates a telephone operator's dialing console by replicating the tones used to switch long-distance calls and using them to route the user's own call, bypassing the normal switching mechanism. They were used to avoid charges for telephone calls.

• In medical diagrams, blue is used to represent veins carrying deoxygenated blood back to the heart. Deoxygenated blood is actually reddish violet. When a medical patient is not getting enough oxygen or has stopped breathing, however, their skin often takes a blue tint, a condition called cyanosis.

• In astronomy, a blue moon is the second full moon in a calendar month, the third full moon in a season that has four, or a moon that appears blue because of particles in the atmosphere. All are uncommon enough that the expression "once in a blue moon" means "once in a great while" or "infrequently."

• Additionally, the color blue is a trademark of the Dow Chemical Company. [2]

• In the CIE 1931 color space, the complement of blue is yellow.

• Blue 80A filters are used to correct the excessive redness of tungsten lighting in color photography.

National, athletic, and university associations

Azzurro, a light blue, is the national color of Italy. Blue (along with white) is the national color of Israel and the color is seen on the Israeli flag.

Dark blue is associated with the University of Oxford and light blue with the University of Cambridge. The sporting colors of these universities are called "the blues."

A specific shade of dark blue is associated with Yale University. Blue Devils are the mascot of many American universities; Duke University's blue devils are the most famous. Ironically their rivals the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill also uses a shade of blue as their school color. This has led many to associate their school colors to differentiate shades of blue in daily occurrences, with the darker blue known as "Duke blue" and the lighter powder blue as "Carolina blue." Other universities with the mascot include Brigham Young University, Central Connecticut State University, Dillard University, Lawrence Technological University, State University of New York at Fredonia, and the University of Wisconsin-Stout. The University of Michigan wolverines' fans usually chant "Let's go blue!" during sporting events.

The Columbus Blue Jackets are a National Hockey League team based in Columbus, Ohio. The Blue Jays are the mascots of the Toronto Blue Jays, a Major League Baseball team, and its two minor league affiliates: the Dunedin Blue Jays in Dunedin, Florida, and the Pulaski Blue Jays in Pulaski, Virginia.

Social class, occupation, and military associations

Blue may denote the working class, derived from the traditional color of factory uniforms. Blue-collar workers are industrial workers and are often contrasted with white-collar office workers. However, in contrast to "blue collar," the phrase "blue blood" is used to mean "from an aristocratic background," because pale, untanned skin–historically, a sign of nobility–allows blue-tinged veins to show through.

Several vocations are associated with blue. Law enforcement, and uniformed police, often wear blue uniforms and have become associated with the color, as seen in phrases such as "boys in blue," "blue line," and "blue wall." Most police cars have blue colors, and United Nations peacekeepers are uniformed in blue and white. "Bluecoat" (akin to "redcoat") refers to a uniformed police officer. Police in the People's Republic of China changed the color of their uniforms from green to blue in the late 1990s, partly to emphasize their civilian role. Since laws prohibit police from declaring a strike, the "blue flu" is a "sickout": a type of strike action in which police call in sick.

Blue is associated with many air forces and navies because of the color of their dress uniforms, while green is associated with armies. Navy blue is a particular shade of blue worn by sailors in the Royal Navy since 1748 and subsequently adopted by other navies around the world. The Blue Angels are an acrobatic flight squadron of the U.S. Navy.

Political associations

Main article: Political colour

Blue, like white, may represent authority, as opposed to revolutionary red or anarchist black.

During the American Civil War, blue was used to represent the Union, while gray represented the Confederacy. This representation was based on the uniforms worn by the respective armies, although uniforms remained non-standard throughout the war and sometimes the colors were switched.

The coalition with the Kuomintang, People's First Party, and the New Party in Taiwan, which favors unification with mainland China is called the Pan-blue coalition due to the color of the party banner of the Kuomintang which is considered the dominant party of the coalition.

Internationally, blue is the symbol for conservatism and conservative political parties. There are several notable exceptions and different meanings:

In the United States, since the 2000 presidential election, blue represents the left-wing Democratic Party, and "blue states" are states that tend to favor the Democrats. (The rival right-wing Republicans became associated with red, and states that favor the Republicans are "red states." Prior to 2000, electoral maps either used blue to represent the incumbent and red for the challenger, or alternated. Each party uses all three national colors (red, white, and blue) in official materials. The Blue Dog Democrat coalition is a caucus of moderate Democrats in Congress.

Religion

Blue plays a symbolic role in a number of world religions. In the Hindu faith, persons of a transcendental, or divine nature are displayed as being blue in colour. The deity Krishna is probably the most famous of this type of depiction within Hindu art.

Television

Blue is the color and name of the main character (a dog) in the preschool animated educational television show Blue's Clues.

On Star Trek, medical and scientific personnel wear blue uniforms.

On Foster's Home For Imaginary Friends, there is a character named Blooregard Q. Kazoo, more commonly named Bloo, and pronounced blue. He is a blue bloblike imaginary friend.

Music

Blues is a music genre. A blue note is a note between the regular notes on the scale. Blue notes are the most important notes in the blues scale.

Bands called "Blue" include two British musical groups: the rock group Blue and the boy band Blue. Blue is the title of an album by the Canadian singer-songwriter Joni Mitchell, and Kind of Blue is the title of an album by Miles Davis, one of the world's best-selling jazz recordings. Blue Man Group is a performance art group founded in New York City in 1987.

Blue Train is an influential jazz album by John Coltrane. Rhapsody in Blue is a symphonic jazz composition for jazz band, piano, and orchestra by George Gershwin, while Love is Blue is a popular tune from the 1960s by Andy Williams, most notably performed by Paul Mauriat.

"Blue" has been used as a song title by many artists, notably LeAnn Rimes and Eiffel 65. Cristian Castro's song "Azul" (Spanish for "blue") repeats the line "This love is blue as the sea" (Este amor es azul como el mar).

Other songs which use the word blue include:

• "We the People Who Are Darker than Blue" by Curtis Mayfield, appearing on his debut album
• "Blue Room in Archway" and "Song from the Blueroom" by The Boo Radleys, both appearing on the album Kingsize
• "For You Blue" by The Beatles, appearing on the album Let It Be
• "Behind Blue Eyes" by The Who, appearing on the album Who's Next
• "Blue" by Yoko Kanno, featured in hit Japanese anime Cowboy Bebop
• "Blue Savannah" by Erasure, appearing on the album Wild!
• "Dark Blue" by No Doubt, the last track on their album "Return of Saturn"
• "Tangled Up In Blue" by Bob Dylan, the first track on the album Blood on the Tracks
• "Miss Blue" by Filter, Appearing as the last listed track on the album Title of Record
• "Blue Orchid" by The White Stripes is the first single for their fifth album, "Get Behind Me, Satan".

"I'm Blue" by Eiffel 65

Film

• Blue Velvet
• Blue (1993 film) entirely consists of the colour blue with narration and soundbytes.
• [Three_Colors:_Blue] 1993 films starring Juliette Binoche.
• Blue Movie, by Andy Warhol.

Use in painting

Traditionally, blue has been considered a primary color in painting, with the secondary color orange as its complement, but this is not consistent with modern scientific color theory. As the mixing of pigments is a subtractive color process, the true primary colors in painting and printing are cyan, magenta and yellow (with black often added for practical reasons; see CMYK color model).

Variations

• Alice-Blue
• Aquamarine
• Azure
• Cornflower blue
• Cyan
• Indigo
• Midnight blue
• Powder blue
• Royal blue
• Sapphire
• Sky blue
• Turquoise

Blue pigments

• Azurite
• Cerulean blue
• Cobalt blue
• Phthalocyanine blue
• Prussian blue
• Ultramarine (blue variation of one)

Natural etalons of blue

• Emission spectrum of Cu²⁺
• Electromic spectrum of aqua-ions Cu[H₂O]₅²⁺

See also

• Distinguishing "blue" from "green" in language
• List of colors
• Lapis lazuli

External links

• Is water blue? The absorption spectrum of water in the visible range

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