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This article is about the U.S. State. For other uses of the term, see Arkansas (disambiguation).

Arkansas (pronounced /ˈɑ(r)k(ə)nˌsɑː/ or /ˈɑ(r)k(ə)nˌsɔ/) is a Southern state in the United States.

Geography

See: List of Arkansas counties, List of cities in Arkansas, List of Arkansas townships, List of Arkansas native plants.

The capital of Arkansas is Little Rock. Arkansas is the only state in the US where diamonds are found naturally (near Murfreesboro, Arkansas).

The eastern border for most of Arkansas is the Mississippi River except in Clay and Greene counties where the St. Francis River forms the western boundary of the Missouri Bootheel. Arkansas shares its southern border with Louisiana, its northern border with Missouri, its eastern border with Tennessee and Mississippi, and its western border with Texas and Oklahoma. Arkansas is a beautiful land of mountains and valleys, thick forests and fertile plains. Northwest Arkansas is part of the Ozark Plateau including the Boston Mountains, to the south are the Ouachita Mountains and these regions are divided by the Arkansas River; the southern and eastern parts of Arkansas are called the Lowlands.

The so called Lowlands are better known as the Delta and the Grand Prairie. The land along the Mississippi river is referred to as the "Delta" of Arkansas. It gets this name from the formation of its rich alluvial soils formed from the flooding of the mighty Mississippi. The Grand Prairie is slightly away from the Mississippi river in the southeast portion of the state and consists of a more undulating landscape. Both are fertile agricultural areas and home to much of the crop agriculture in the state.

Arkansas is home to many caves, such as Blanchard Springs Caverns.

Arkansas is home to many areas protected by the National Park System. These include:

• Arkansas Post National Memorial at Gillett
• Buffalo National River
• Central High School National Historic Site in Little Rock, Arkansas|Little Rock]]
• Fort Smith National Historic Site
• Hot Springs National Park
• Pea Ridge National Military Park

The Trail of Tears National Historic Trail also runs through Arkansas.

History

The early French explorers of the state gave it its name, which is probably a phonetic spelling for the French word for "downriver" people, a reference to the Quapaw people and the river along which they settled. Other Native American nations living in present-day Arkansas were Caddo, Cherokee and Osage Nations.

On June 15, 1836, Arkansas became the 25th state of the United States as a slave state. Arkansas refused to join the Confederate States of America until after Abraham Lincoln called for troops to invade South Carolina. It seceded from the Union on May 6, 1861. The state was the scene of numerous small-scale battles during the American Civil War. Under the Military Reconstruction Act, Congress readmitted Arkansas in June 1868.

In 1881, the Arkansas state legislature enacted a bill that adopted "arkansaw" as the official pronunciation - note the distinct pronuniciation of the last syllable. (See Law and Government below).

Demographics

As of 2005, Arkansas has an estimated population of 2,779,154, which is an increase of 29,154, or 1.1%, from the prior year and an increase of 105,756, or 4.0%, since the year 2000. This includes a natural increase since the last census of 52,214 people (that is 198,800 births minus 146,586 deaths) and an increase due to net migration of 57,611 people into the state. Immigration from outside the United States resulted in a net increase of 21,947 people, and migration within the country produced a net increase of 35,664 people. It is estimated that about 48.8% is male, and 51.2% is female.

People of American ancestry have a strong presence in the northwestern Ozarks and the central part of the state. Blacks live mainly in the fertile southern and eastern parts of the state, especially along the Mississippi river. Arkansans of British and German ancestry are mostly found in the far northwestern Ozarks near the Missouri border.

As of 2000, 95.0% of Arkansas residents age 5 and older speak English at home and 3.3% speak Spanish. French is the third most spoken language at 0.3%, followed by German at 0.3% and Vietnamese at 0.1%.

Religion

Arkansas, like most other Southern states, is overwhelmingly Protestant. The religious affiliations of the people are as follows:

• Christian – 86%
  • Protestant – 78%
    • Baptist – 39%
    • Methodist – 9%
    • Pentecostal – 6%
    • Church of Christ – 6%
    • Assemblies of God – 3%
    • Other Protestant – 15%
  • Roman Catholic – 7%
  • Other Christian – 1%
• Other Religions – <1%
• Non-Religious – 14%

Economy

The state's total gross state product for 2003 was $76 billion. Its Per Capita Personal Income for 2003 was $24,384, 50^th in the nation. The state's agriculture outputs are poultry and eggs, soybeans, sorghum, cattle, cotton, rice, hogs, and milk. Its industrial outputs are food processing, electric equipment, fabricated metal products, machinery, paper products, bromine, and vanadium.

In recent years, automobile parts manufacturers have opened factories in eastern Arkansas to support auto plants in other states (though Arkansas does not yet have an auto plant itself, it is rumored to be a future site for a Toyota plant as well as for a truck plant to be built by Toyota's subsidiary Hino Motors).

Tourism is also very important to the Arkansas economy; the official state nickname "The Natural State" is prominently displayed in state tourism advertising.

The effect of Tyson Foods, Wal-Mart, J.B. Hunt and other multinational companies located in NW Arkansas cannot be understated. The area is currently in a long-running economic boom due to being the forefront of Global Trade. Wal-Mart alone accounts for $8.90 out of every $100 spent in U.S. retail stores.

Taxation

Arkansas imposes a state income tax with six brackets, ranging from 1% to 7%. The first $9,000 of military pay of enlisted personnel is exempt from Arkansas tax. Officers do not have to pay state income tax on the first $6,000 of their military pay. If you are a resident of Texarkana, your income is exempt from Arkansas income tax. Arkansas's gross receipts (sales) tax and compensating (use) tax rate is currently 6 percent. The state has also mandated that various services be subject to sales tax collection. They include wrecker and towing services; dry cleaning and laundry; body piercing, tattooing and electrolysis; pest control; security and alarm monitoring; self-storage facilities; boat storage and docking; and pet grooming and kennel services.

In addition to the state sales tax, there are more than 300 local taxes in Arkansas. Cities and counties have the authority to enact additional local sales and use taxes if they are passed by the voters in their area. These local taxes have a ceiling or cap; they cannot exceed $25 for each 1% of tax assessed. These additional taxes are collected by the state, which distributes the money back to the local jurisdictions monthly. Low-income taxpayers with a total annual household income of less than $12,000 are permitted a sales tax exemption for electricity usage.

Sales of alcoholic beverages account for added taxes. A 10 percent supplemental mixed drink tax is imposed on the sale of alcoholic beverages (excluding beer) at restaurants. A 4 percent tax is due on the sale of all mixed drinks (except beer and wine) sold for "on-premises" consumption. And a 3 percent tax is due on beer sold for off-premises consumption.

Transportation

Interstate highways

• Interstate 30
• Interstate 40
• Interstate 55
• Interstate 430
• Interstate 440
• Interstate 530
• Interstate 540
• Interstate 630

United States highways

Major Arkansas highways

Airports

Little Rock National Airport and Northwest Arkansas Regional Airport are Arkansas' main air terminals. Fort Smith and Texarkana have smaller airports with limited passenger service.

Law and government

The current governor of Arkansas is Mike Huckabee, a Republican. Huckabee, who had been elected lieutenant governor in a 1993 special election, became governor in 1996 when Governor Jim Guy Tucker, a Democrat, was convicted as part of the Whitewater Scandal. This led to a state "constitutional crisis" when Tucker refused to give up the governor's office for a short period of time, because the Arkansas Constitution does not allow a convicted felon to be governor of the state. Tucker had been lieutenant governor under Bill Clinton and had become governor as a result of Clinton's election to the presidency.

Both of Arkansas' U.S. Senators are Democrats: Blanche Lincoln and Mark Pryor. The state has four seats in U.S. House of Representatives. Three seats are held by Democrats—Marion Berry (map), Vic Snyder (map), and Mike Ross (map). One seat is held by the state's lone Republican Congressman, John Boozman (map).

The Democratic Party holds super-majority status in the Arkansas General Assembly. Republicans lost seats in the State House in 2004. A majority of local and statewide offices are also held by Democrats. This arrangement is extremely rare in the modern South, where a majority of statewide offices are held by Republicans. Arkansas had the distinction in 1992 of being the only state in the entire country to give the majority of its vote to a single candidate in the presidential election—native son Bill Clinton— while every other state's electoral votes were won by pluralities of the vote between the three candidates.

Most Republican strength lies mainly in northwest Arkansas in the area around Fort Smith, while the rest of the state is strongly Democratic. Arkansas has only elected one Republican to the U.S. Senate since Reconstruction. The Arkansas General Assembly has not been controlled by the Republican Party since Reconstruction and is the fourth most heavily Democratic Legislature in the country, after Massachusetts, Hawaii, and Connecticut. Arkansas is also the only state among the states of the former Confederacy that sends two Democrats to the U.S. Senate. However, the state is perceived as generally being conservative; its voters passed a ban on gay marriage and Arkansas is one of a handful of states that has legislation on its books banning abortion in the event Roe vs. Wade is ever overturned.

In Arkansas, the lieutenant governor is elected separately from the governor and thus can be from a different political party.

Each officer's term is four years long. Office holders are term-limited to two full terms plus any partial terms prior to the first full term.

Some of Arkansas' counties have two county seats, as opposed to the usual one seat. The arrangement dates back to when travel was extremely difficult in the states. The seats are usually on opposite sides of the county. Though travel is no longer the difficulty it once was, there are few efforts to eliminate the two seat arrangement where it exists, since the county seat is a source of pride (and jobs) to the city involved.

The state is the only one with a pronunciation specified by law. Section 105 of Chapter 4 of Title 1 of the Arkansas code^[1] determined in 1881 the official, codified pronunciation of Arkansas: "It should be pronounced in three (3) syllables, with the final "s" silent, the "a" in each syllable with the Italian sound, and the accent on the first and last syllables." The same section states that the variation are-KAN-sas "is an innovation to be discouraged."

See also: List of Arkansas Governors

Important cities and towns

Education

Centers of research

• Arkansas Cherokee Indian Research
• Dale Bumpers National Rice Research Center website
• National Center for Toxicological Research website

Colleges and universities

• University of Arkansas System
  • University of Arkansas
  • University of Arkansas - Fort Smith
  • University of Arkansas at Little Rock
  • University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences
  • University of Arkansas at Monticello
  • University of Arkansas at Pine Bluff

• Arkansas Baptist College
• Arkansas Tech University
• Central Baptist College
• Harding University
• Henderson State University
• Hendrix College
• John Brown University
• Lyon College
• Ouachita Baptist University
• Philander Smith College
• Southern Arkansas University
• University of Central Arkansas
• University of the Ozarks
• Williams Baptist College

• Arkansas State University System
  • Arkansas State University - Jonesboro
  • Arkansas State University - Beebe
  • Arkansas State University - Mountain Home
  • Arkansas State University - Newport
  • Arkansas State University - Marked Tree
  • Arkansas State University - Heber Springs
  • Arkansas State University - Searcy

Miscellaneous topics

Symbols

The following state symbols are officially recognized by the state law.

• State American Folk Dance: Square Dance
• State Anthem: Arkansas by Eva Ware Barnett
• State Beverage:Milk
• State Bird: Mockingbird
• State Flower: Apple Blossom
• State Folk Dance: Square Dance
• State Fruit: South Arkansas Vine Ripe Pink Tomato
• State Gem: Diamond
• State Historical Song: The Arkansas Traveler (folk song)
• State Historic Cooking Vessel: Dutch oven
• State Insect: Honeybee
• State Mammal: White-tailed Deer
• State Mineral: Quartz Crystal
• State Motto: Regnat Populus (The People Rule)
• State Musical Instrument: the Fiddle
• State Rock: Bauxite
• State Soil: Stuttgart Soil Series
• State Songs: "Arkansas (You Run Deep in Me)" by Wayland Holyfield and "Oh, Arkansas" by Terry Rose and Gary Klass
• State Tree: Pine
• State Vegetable: South Arkansas Vine Ripe Pink Tomato

Famous Arkansans

Main article: List of people from Arkansas

• John Harold Johnson, Johnson Publishing Company. Born in Arkansas City, Arkansas, January 19, 1918.

• Johnny Cash, Country Music legend. Born in Kingsland, Arkansas, February 26th 1932.

• Buddy Jewell, Country Music star. Born in Osceola, Arkansas.

• Bill Clinton, former President of the United States. Born August 19th 1946, in Hope, Arkansas.

• Matt Jones, NFL football star and 2005 1st round NFL draft pick to the Jacksonville Jaguars. Born April 22nd 1983 in Fort Smith, Arkansas.

• Paul "Bear" Bryant, legendary University of Alabama football coach. Born in Moro Bottom, Arkansas on September 11, 1913.

• Jody Evans, rising Country Music star. Born November 15th, 1976, in Arkadelphia, Arkansas.

• Ne-Yo, R&B musician. Born October 18th, 1982 in Arkansas.

• Derek Fisher, NBA basketball star. Born August 9th, 1974 in Little Rock, Arkansas.

• Billy Bob Thornton, Hollywood film star and famous personality. August 4th 1955, in Hot Springs, Arkansas.

• Jimmy Driftwood, famous Folk Music and Country Music personality. Born June 20th 1907, in Mountain View, Arkansas.

• Sam Walton, creator of Wal Mart stores, and one of the world's wealthiest men. Born in Oklahoma, but created Wal Mart in 1962, in Rogers, Arkansas.

• Alan Ladd, Hollywood actor most famous for his leading role in Shane. Born September 3rd 1913 in Hot Springs, Arkansas.

• Mary Steenburgen, Academy Award-winning Hollywood actress for her 1981 supporting role in Melvin and Howard, and a co-star on the canceled CBS television series Joan of Arcadia. Born February 8th 1953 in Newport, Arkansas.

• Glen Campbell, Country Music star most famous for his songs "Rhinestone Cowboy" and "Wichita Lineman". Born in Delight, Arkansas in 1936.

• Floyd Cramer, famous musician most known for his piano instrumental "Last Date". Born in Shreveport, Louisiana and raised in Huttig, Arkansas in 1933.

• Gail Davis, Hollywood film actress, best know as Annie Oakley from the 1950's television series. Born in Little Rock on October 5th 1925 and raised in McGehee, Arkansas.

• Tracy Lawrence, Country Music star. Born in Atlanta, Texas in 1968, raised in Foreman, Arkansas.

• Freeman Owens, former World War I combat camera operator, who later perfected the art of putting sound on film as a pioneer in cinematography. Born in Pine Bluff, Arkansas in 1890.

• Dick Powell, Hollywood actor, producer and director, best know for 1930's films such as 42nd Street and A Midsummer Nights Dream. Born in Mountain View, Arkansas in 1904.

• Collin Raye, Country Music star best known for his songs "Little Rock", and "Love Me". Born in De Queen, Arkansas in 1960.

• Conway Twitty, Country Music legend with number 1 music hits such as "It's Only Make Believe", "Hello Darlin' " and "Tight Fitting Jeans". Born in Friars Point, Mississippi in 1933, he was raised in Helena, Arkansas. Born with the name Harold Jenkins, he took his stage name from the towns of Conway, Arkansas and Twitty, Texas.

• John Grisham, author and attorney, best known for his books that were later transformed into popular movies, such as The Pelican Brief, A Time To Kill, The Client, The Rainmaker, The Firm and The Chamber. Born in Jonesboro, Arkansas in 1955.

• Lou Brock, former Major League Baseball player, thought to be the greatest base stealer of his era. Started his professional baseball career with the Chicago Cubs in 1961. Born in El Dorado, Arkansas in 1939.

• William Carr, 1932 Olympic Gold Medalist. Born in Pine Bluff, Arkansas in 1909.

• John Daly, PGA golf champion. Born in California in 1966, raised from age 5 in Dardanelle, Arkansas.

• Jay Hanna "Dizzy" Dean, member of the National Baseball Hall of Fame. Born in Lucas, Arkansas.

• Jerry Jones, owner of the NFL team Dallas Cowboys. Born in 1942 in North Little Rock, Arkansas, specifically hailing from Rose City.

• George Kell, member of the National Baseball Hall of Fame. Born in 1942 in Swifton, Arkansas.

• Mark Martin, NASCAR race car driver. Born in 1956 in Batesville, Arkansas.

• Sidney Moncrief, retired NBA star who played for the Milwaukee Bucks and who set several college records with the University of Arkansas. Born in 1957 in Little Rock, Arkansas.

• Scottie Pippen, former NBA legend who played for the Chicago Bulls championship teams, and arguably one of the most talented players ever to play the game. Born in 1965 in Hamburg, Arkansas; attended the University of Central Arkansas.

• Brooks Robinson, member of the National Baseball Hall of Fame. Born in 1937 in Little Rock, Arkansas.

• Barry Switzer, former head coach of the NFL team Dallas Cowboys. Born in Crossett, Arkansas in 1937.

• John Hanks Alexander, the first African American to hold a regular command position in the US Armed Forces and the second African American to graduate from West Point. Born in Helena, Arkansas on January 6th 1864.

• Corliss Williamson, former NBA 6th Man of the Year and member of the 2004 NBA Champion Detroit Pistons. Lead the Arkansas Razorbacks to the 1994 NCAA title. Now a member of the Sacramento Kings. Born and raised in Russellville, Arkansas.

See also

• Arkansas Literature
• Ivory-billed Woodpecker, long thought extinct, was recently re-discovered in the Big Woods of Arkansas
• South Arkansas
• List of Arkansas native plants

Soul R&B star Al green was born in Forest City, Arkansas. He is know preaching in Memphis, Tennessee.

Further reading

• Blair, Diane D. Arkansas Politics & Government: Do the People Rule? (1998)
• Deblack, Thomas A. With Fire and Sword: Arkansas, 1861-1874 (2003)
• Donovan, Timothy P. and Willard B. Gatewood Jr., eds. The Governors of Arkansas (1981)
• Dougan, Michael B. Confederate Arkansas (1982),
• Duvall, Leland. ed., Arkansas: Colony and State (1973)
• Fletcher, John Gould. Arkansas (1947)
• Hanson, Gerald T. and Carl H. Moneyhon. Historical Atlas of Arkansas (1992)
• Key, V. O. Southern Politics (1949)
• Moore, Waddy W. ed., Arkansas in the Gilded Age, 1874-1900 (1976).
• Peirce, Neal R. The Deep South States of America: People, Politics, and Power in the Seven Deep South States (1974)
• Thompson, George H. Arkansas and Reconstruction (1976)
• Whayne, Jeannie M. et al. Arkansas: A Narrative History (2002)
• Whayne, Jeannie M. Arkansas Biography: A Collection of Notable Lives (2000)
• White, Lonnie J. Politics on the Southwestern Frontier: Arkansas Territory, 1819-1836 (1964)
• Williams, C. Fred. ed. A Documentary History Of Arkansas (2005)
• WPA., Arkansas: A Guide to the State (1941)

External links

Dictionary definitions from Wiktionary
Textbooks from Wikibooks
Quotations from Wikiquote
Source texts from Wikisource
Images and media from Commons
News stories from Wikinews

• Official State website Homepage
• Online access to Arkansas County Records
• Facts About Arkansas
• U.S. Census Bureau
• Arkansas Newspapers
• Arkansas State Code (the state statutes of Arkansas)
• Literature of Arkansas

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