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This article is about the U.S. State. For other uses of the term, see Arizona (disambiguation).

Arizona /ˌɛɹ.ɪˈzon.ə/ is a U.S. state located in the western United States.

Geography

Arizona is one of the Four Corners states, situated south and east of the Colorado River. It borders New Mexico, Utah, Nevada, California, touches Colorado, and has a 389-mile (626 km) international border with Mexico. Arizona is the sixth largest state in area, after New Mexico and before Nevada. Aside from the Grand Canyon, a number of other National Forests, Parks, Monuments, and Indian reservations are located in the state.

Arizona is best known for its desert landscape, which includes cacti. It is also known for its exceptionally hot summers and mild winters. Less well known is the pine-covered high country in the north-central portion of the state, which contrasts with the lower deserts of the state. Like other states of the Southwest, Arizona has an abundance of topographical characteristics in addition to its desert climes. More than half of the state features mountains and plateaus and contains the largest stand of Ponderosa pine in the United States. The Mogollon Rim, a 2000-foot (600 m) escarpment, cuts across the central section of the state and marks the southwestern edge of the Colorado Plateau, where the state experienced its worst forest fire ever in 2002. Arizona belongs firmly within the Basin and Range Province of North America. The region was shaped by prehistoric volcanism, followed by a cooling-off and related subsidence. The entire region is slowly sinking.

The Grand Canyon is a colorful, steep-sided gorge, carved by the Colorado River, in northern Arizona. The canyon is one of the seven natural wonders of the world and is largely contained in the Grand Canyon National Park—one of the first national parks in the United States. President Theodore Roosevelt was a major proponent of the Grand Canyon area, visiting on numerous occasions to hunt mountain lion and enjoy the breathtaking scenery.

The Canyon, created by the Colorado River cutting a channel over millions of years, is about 277 miles (446 km) long, ranges in width from 4 to 18 miles (6 to 29 kilometers) and attains a depth of more than 1 mile (1.6 km). Nearly 2 billion years of the Earth's history has been exposed as the Colorado River and its tributaries cut through layer after layer of sediment as the Colorado Plateaus have uplifted.

Arizona does not observe Daylight Saving Time, except in the Navajo Nation located in the northeastern region of the state.

Climate

Due to its large area and variations in elevation, the state has a wide variety of climates. In the lower elevations, the climate is primarily desert, with mild winters and hot summers. Typically, from late fall to early spring, the weather is mild, averaging a minimum of 60 degrees Fahrenheit (15 °C). November through February are the coldest months with temperatures typically ranging from 40–75 degrees Fahrenheit (4–24 °C), although occasional frosts are not uncommon. About midway through February, the temperatures start to rise again with sunny warm days, and cool breezy nights. The summer months of May through August bring a dry heat ranging from 90–100 degrees Fahrenheit (32–38 °C), with occasional high temperatures exceeding 125 °F (52 °C) having been observed in the desert area. Due to the primarily dry climate, large temperature swings often occur between day and night, with some as large as 50 °F (10 °C) in the summer months.

However, the northern third of Arizona is a plateau at significantly higher altitudes than the lower desert, and has an appreciably cooler climate, with cold winters and mild summers. Extreme cold temperatures are not unknown; cold air systems from the northern states and Canada occasionally push into the state, bringing temperatures below 0 °F (-18 °C) to the higher parts of the state.

Arizona has an average annual rainfall of 12.7 in (322 mm)^[1], which comes during two rainy seasons, with cold fronts coming from the Pacific Ocean during the winter and a monsoon in the summer.^[2] The monsoon season occurs from the end of July through August, and brings lightning, thunderstorms, wind, and torrential, if usually brief, downpours. It is rare for tornadoes and hurricanes to occur in Arizona, but there are records of both occuring.

Indicative of the variation in climate, Arizona is the state which has both the metropolitan area with the most days over 100 degrees Fahrenheit (37.8 °C) (Phoenix), and the metropolitan area in the lower 48 states with the most days with a low temperature below freezing (Flagstaff).

History

Main article: History of Arizona

Historians disagree about the origin of the name "Arizona" and its attachment to the region. Two possible derivations are:

• O'odham words "alĭ ṣon" ("small spring"), actually the name of a town which is called "Arizonac" in English. Arizonac is a small town about eight miles (12 km) south of the United States–Mexican border. Historically, it may have been "alĭ son" or even "alĭ sona". The O'odham "l" is a voiced alveolar lateral fricative, which might sound to a Spanish or English speaker like an "r" sound. Later in the mid 18th century Spanish missionaries changed Father Eusebio Francisco Kino's maps of the area; they renamed the town Arizonac as Arizona. As the maps were republished and circulated in Europe, the name Arizona became attached to the whole northern part of New Spain.
• Spanish words "árida zona" ("arid zone").

Beyond its original native inhabitants, Marcos de Niza, a Franciscan, explored the area in 1539. Coronado's expedition entered the area in 1540–42 during its search for Cíbola. Father Kino developed a chain of missions and taught the Indians Christianity in Pimería Alta (now southern Arizona and northern Sonora) in the 1690s and early 1700s. Spain founded fortified towns (presidios) at Tubac in 1752 and Tucson in 1775. All of what is now Arizona became part of Mexico's northwest frontier upon the Mexican assertion of independence from Spain in 1810. The United States took possession of most of Arizona at the end of the Mexican War in 1848. In 1853 the land below the Gila River was acquired from Mexico in the Gadsden Purchase. Arizona was administered as part of the Territory of New Mexico until it was organized into a separate territory on February 24, 1863.

Brigham Young sent Mormons to Arizona in the mid-to-late 1800s. They founded Mesa, Snowflake, Heber, Safford and other towns. They also settled in the Phoenix Valley (or "Valley of the Sun"), Tempe, Prescott, among other areas.

Arizona became a U.S. state on February 14, 1912. Arizona was the 48th state admitted into the U.S. and the last of the contiguous states admitted.

Cotton farming and copper mining, two of Arizona's most important statewide industries, suffered heavily during the Great Depression, but it was during the 1920's and 1930's that tourism began to be the important Arizona industry it is today. Dude ranches such as the K L Bar and Remuda in Wickenburg, along with the Flying V and Tanque Verde in Tucson, gave tourists the chance to experience the flavor and life of the "old West." Several upscale hotels and resorts opened during this period, some of which are still top tourist draws to this day; they include the Arizona Biltmore in central Phoenix (opened 1929) and the Wigwam Resort on the west side of the Phoenix area (opened 1936).

Arizona was the site of a German and Italian prisoner of war camp during WWII. The site was purchased after the war by the Maytag family, and is currently utilized as the Phoenix Zoo. A Japanese internment camp was located on Mount Lemmon, just outside of the state's southeastern city of Tucson.

Arizona's population grew tremendously after World War II, in part because of the development of air conditioning, which made the intense summers more comfortable. According to the Arizona Blue Book (published by the Secretary of State's office each year), the state population in 1910 was 294,353. By 1970 it was 1,752,122. The percentage growth each decade averaged about 20% in the earlier decades and about 60% each decade thereafter.

The 1960's saw the establishment of retirement communities, special age-restricted subdivisions catering exclusively to the needs of senior citizens who wanted to escape the harsh winters of the Midwest and the Northeast. Sun City, established by developer Del Webb and opened in 1960 was one of the first such communities. Green Valley, south of Tucson, was another such community designed to be a retirement subdivision for Arizona's teachers. (Many of these senior citizens arrive in Arizona each winter and stay only during the winter months; they are referred to as snowbirds.)

Three ships named USS Arizona have been named in honor of the state, although only USS Arizona (BB-39) was so named after statehood was achieved.

Demographics

As of 2005, Arizona has an estimated population of 5,939,292, which is an increase of 199,413, or 3.5%, from the prior year and an increase of 808,660, or 15.8%, since the year 2000. This includes a natural increase since the last census of 241,732 people (that is 462,739 births minus 221,007 deaths) and an increase due to net migration of 576,238 people into the state. Immigration from outside the United States resulted in a net increase of 168,078 people, and migration within the country produced a net increase of 408,160 people.

The largest ancestry groups in Arizona are Mexican (21 percent), German, English, Irish, and American Indian. The southern and central parts of the state are heavily Mexican-American, especially in Yuma and Santa Cruz counties. The north-central and northwestern counties are largely inhabited by residents of English ancestry. The northeastern part of Arizona has many American Indians.

Arizona is projected to become a minority-majority state by the year 2035, if current population growth trends continue. In 2003, for the first time, there were more Hispanic births in the state than white non-Hispanic births.

As of 2000, 74.1% of Arizona residents age 5 and older speak English at home and 19.5% speak Spanish. Navajo is the third most spoken language at 1.9%, followed by Other Native North American languages at 0.6% and German at 0.5%.

49.9% of the population is male, 50.1% is female.

See also the list of Arizona Natives.

Religion

Four in five Arizonans are self-described Christians, with large numbers of both Catholics and Protestants living in the state. There is also a significant Latter-day Saint (Mormon) population.

Religious affiliations in Arizona:

• Christian – 79.9%
  • Protestant – 42%
    • Baptist – 9%
    • Methodist – 5%
    • Lutheran – 4%
    • Other Protestant/general Protestant – 24%
  • Roman Catholic – 31%
  • LDS – 6%
  • Other Christian – 1%
• Other Religions – 2%
• Non-Religious – 18%

Economy

The 2004 total gross state product was $187.27 billion. If Arizona were an independent country, it would have the 61^st largest economy in the world (CIA - The World Factbook). This figure gives Arizona a larger economy than most other countries, including Norway, Denmark, Czech Republic, Ireland, Finland, and New Zealand. Arizona currently has the 21^st largest economy among states in the U.S..

The state's per capita income is $27,232, 39^th in the U.S. Early in its history, Arizona's economy relied on the "Five C's": copper, cotton, cattle, citrus, and climate (tourism). At one point Arizona was the largest producer of cotton in the country. Copper is still extensively mined from many expansive open-pit and underground mines, accounting for two-thirds of the nation's output.

The state government is the Arizona's largest employer, while Wal-Mart is the state's largest private employer, with 17,343 employees (2003). Arizona lost much of its comparative advantage as a high-tech industry leader between 1990 and 2001, according to a state Department of Commerce report.

In 2001, 161,166 Arizonans were employed in the high-tech sector, accounting for about 8.3 percent of total private-sector employment of more than 1.9 million. High-tech payroll in 2001 was $2.2 billion, or 14.7 percent of the private-sector total. High-tech employment was led by software and computers, with 34,314; electronics components manufacturing, 30,358; aerospace manufacturing, 25,641; architectural and engineering services, 21,378; telecommunications, 21,224; and instruments manufacturing, 13,056.

Arizona collects personal income taxes in five brackets: 2.87 percent, 3.20 percent, 3.74 percent, 4.72 percent and 5.04 percent. Arizona Transaction Privilege Tax (sales) and Use tax rates generally are 6.3 percent. Currently, all fifteen counties levy a tax. The state rate on transient lodging (hotel/motel) is 7.27%. The state of Arizona does not levy a state tax on food for home consumption or on drugs prescribed by a licensed physician or dentist. However, some cities in Arizona do levy a tax on food for home consumption. All fifteen Arizona counties levy a tax. Incorporated municipalities also levy transaction privilege taxes which, with the exception of their hotel/motel tax, are generally in the range of 1-to-3 percent. These added assessments could push the combined sales tax rate to as high as 10.7 percent.

Transportation

Main interstate routes include I-17 running north-south, and I-40, I-8, and I-10 running east-west.

As recently as 1959, many roads such as State Highway 87, the Beeline Highway between Phoenix and the small community of Payson in Gila County, were unpaved.

The Phoenix and Tucson metropolitan areas are served by public bus transit systems.

Major airports include: Mesa - Williams Gateway Airport(IWA) in Mesa; Phoenix Sky Harbor International Airport(PHX) in Phoenix; Prescott Municipal Airport(PRC) in Prescott; Scottsdale Airport(SCG) in Scottsdale; and Tucson International Airport in Tucson.

Law and government

See also: List of Congressmen, List of Arizona Governors

The state capitol of Arizona is in Phoenix. The original capitol building, with its distinctive copper dome, was dedicated in 1901 (construction was completed for $136,000 in 1900), when the area was still a territory. Phoenix became the official state capitol with Arizona's admission to the union in 1912.

Separate legislative buildings for the House of Representatives and Senate were dedicated in 1960, and an Executive Office Building was dedicated in 1974 (the ninth floor of this building is where the Office of the Governor is located). The original capitol building was converted into a museum.

The capitol complex is fronted and highlighted by the richly landscaped Wesley Bolin Memorial Park, named after Wesley Bolin, a governor who died in office in the 1970's. Numerous monuments and memorials are on the site, including the anchor and signal mast from the USS Arizona (one of the U.S. Navy ships sunk in Pearl Harbor); a granite version of the Ten Commandments; and the Arizona Vietnam Veterans' Memorial.

Arizona's legislature is bicameral (like the legislature of every other state except Nebraska) and consists of a thirty-member Senate and a 60-member House of Representatives. Legislators are elected for two-year terms.

Each Legislature covers a two-year period. The first session following the general election is known as the first regular session, and the session convening in the second year is known as the second regular session. Each regular session begins on the second Monday in January and adjourns sine die (terminates for the year) no later than Saturday of the week in which the 100th day from the beginning of the regular session falls. The President of the Senate and Speaker of the House, by rule, may extend the session up to seven additional days. Thereafter the session can only be extended by a majority vote of members present of each house.

The majority party is the Republican Party, which has held power since 1950, partly as a result of newcomers moving to Arizona from other Republican-dominated states in the Midwest.

The 2002 budget of the Arizona state legislature was $14.3 billion, while the executive budget was $13.8 billion. Besides the money spent on state agencies, money has also been allocated for tax cuts, pay raises for government employees, and health insurance for government employees. The executive budget has allocated money to previously passed legislation. Arizona state senators and representatives are elected for two year terms and there are no terms limits. However, no more than four terms may be served consecutively.

Arizona's executive branch is headed by a governor elected for a four-year term. The governor may serve any number of terms, though no more than two in a row. The current Governor of Arizona is Janet Napolitano, a Democrat. She has been governor since 2003.

The two U.S. Senators from Arizona are Senator John McCain (Republican) and Senator Jon Kyl (Republican).

Arizona's representatives in the United States House of Representatives are Rick Renzi (R-1), Trent Franks (R-2), John Shadegg (R-3), Ed Pastor (D-4), J.D. Hayworth (R-5), Jeff Flake (R-6), Raul Grijalva (D-7), and Jim Kolbe (R-8). Arizona gained two seats in the House of Representatives due to redistricting based on Census 2000.

While the Republican Party has dominated Arizona politics since the 1950s, the state did support one Democratic presidential candidate in that time, Bill Clinton in 1996. In 2004, George W. Bush won the state's ten electoral votes by a margin of 11 percentage points with 54.9 percent of the vote. The state's concentration of Democrats is strongest in the cities of Tucson (excluding Tucson's historically Republican-dominated suburbs) and Yuma, and the counties of Santa Cruz and Apache.

Important cities and towns

See: List of cities in Arizona, List of cities in Arizona (by population), List of Arizona counties

Phoenix is the largest, primary city and capital of the state. The Phoenix metro area includes Mesa, Glendale, Chandler, Tempe, and Scottsdale. The Phoenix metropolitan area supports a population of nearly 3.9 million.

Tucson is the state's second largest city, located 135 miles (220 km) southeast of the Phoenix metropolitan area. The Tucson metropolitan area has a population rapidly nearing 1 million.

Each city named in bold has a population greater than 100,000.

25 Richest Places in Arizona

Ranked by per capita income

Education

Elementary and secondary education

Public schools in Arizona are separated into about 220 local school districts which operate independently, but are governed in most cases by elected county school superintendents; these are in turn overseen by the Arizona State Board of Education (a division of the Arizona Department of Education) and the state Superintendent of Public Instruction (elected in partisan elections every even-numbered year when there is not a presidential election, for a four-year term).

Colleges and universities

Higher education in Arizona is governed at the university level by the Arizona Board of Regents or the ABOR, a 12-member body. According to information published by the ABOR office and available on their Web site, eight volunteer members are appointed by the Governor to staggered eight-year terms; two students serve on the Board for two-year appointments, with the first year being a nonvoting apprentice year. The Governor and the Superintendent of Public Instruction serve as voting ex-officio members. The ABOR provides "policy guidance" and oversight to the three major degree-granting universities, as provided for by Title 15 of the Arizona Revised Statutes.

State universities

(Ranked by student enrollment)

• Arizona State University
• University of Arizona
• Northern Arizona University

Community colleges

Community colleges in Arizona were governed historically by a separate statewide Board of Directors, but a bill passed in the 2002 regular session of the Legislature (HB 2710, which later became ARS 15-1444) transferred almost all oversight authority to individual community college districts.

• Central Arizona Community College
• Chandler-Gilbert Community College
• Coconino Community College
• Estrella Mountain Community College
• GateWay Community College
• Glendale Community College
• Mesa Community College
• Paradise Valley Community College
• Phoenix College
• Rio Salado Community College
• Scottsdale Community College
• South Mountain Community College
• Pima Community College
  • Desert Vista Campus
  • Downtown Campus
  • East Campus
  • Northwest Campus
  • West Campus
• Eastern Arizona College
• Yavapai Community College
• Prescott College
• Cochise College
• Mohave Community College
• South Mountain Community College
• Arizona Western College
• Northland Pioneer College

Private colleges and trade schools

• American Indian College of the Assemblies of God
• Art Institute of Phoenix
• Collins College, Tempe
• DeVry University, Phoenix
• Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University
• Grand Canyon University
• Prescott College
• Southwestern College
• Thunderbird - The Garvin School of International Management
• University of Phoenix
• Western International University

Professional sports teams

• Arizona Cardinals (National Football League)
• Arizona Diamondbacks (Major League Baseball)
• Arizona Rattlers (Arena Football League)
• Arizona Sting (National Lacrosse League)
• Mesa Miners (Golden Baseball League)
• Phoenix Coyotes (National Hockey League)
• Phoenix Mercury (Women's National Basketball Association)
• Phoenix Roadrunners (East Coast Hockey League)
• Phoenix Suns (National Basketball Association)
• Surprise Fightin' Falcons (Golden Baseball League)
• Tucson Sidewinders (Minor League Baseball)
• Yuma Scorpions (Golden Baseball League)

Spring training

Arizona is a popular location for Major League Baseball spring training, as it is the site of the Cactus League. The only other location for spring traing is in Florida with the Grapefruit League. The state hosts the following teams:

• Arizona Diamondbacks in Tucson Electric Park
• Chicago Cubs in HoHoKam Park
• Chicago White Sox in Tucson Electric Park
• Colorado Rockies in Hi Corbett Field
• Kansas City Royals in Surprise Stadium
• Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim in Tempe Diablo Stadium
• Milwaukee Brewers in Maryvale Baseball Park
• Oakland Athletics in Phoenix Municipal Stadium
• San Diego Padres in Peoria Sports Complex
• San Francisco Giants in Scottsdale Stadium
• Seattle Mariners in Peoria Sports Complex
• Texas Rangers in Surprise Stadium

Miscellaneous topics

Art and pop culture

Arizona has featured a continuous string of dancing and performing groups of many ethnicities. The state is a recognized center of Native American art, with a number of galleries such as the Heard Museum showcasing historical and contemporary works. Sedona and Tubac are known as budding artist colonies, and small arts scenes exist in the larger cities and near the state universities.

Many tourist souvenirs produced in Arizona or by its residents display characteristic images, such as sunsets, coyotes, and desert plants. Several major Hollywood films, such as U-Turn, Waiting to Exhale, Just One of the Guys, Bill and Ted's Excellent Adventure, and Raising Arizona have been made there (as indeed have many Westerns).

Notable people

Famous Arizonans also include former Supreme Court Justice Sandra Day O'Connor, author Zane Grey, former Governor and Secretary of the Interior Bruce Babbitt, architect Frank Lloyd Wright, Presidential candidate (1964) and former Senator Barry Goldwater, Presidential candidate (1976) and former Arizona congressman Mo Udall and his brother Secretary of the Interior Stewart Udall, Presidential candidate (2000) and Senior Republican Senator John McCain, former senator Carl Hayden and former Solicitor General Rex E. Lee. From the rock and roll world, both Alice Cooper and Stevie Nicks of Fleetwood Mac are from Phoenix; Linda Ronstadt is from Tucson. Film director Steven Spielberg grew up in Scottsdale, as did Wonder Woman star Lynda Carter. Labor leader Cesar Estrada Chavez is from Yuma.

For a complete list, see List of people from Arizona.

External links

Dictionary definitions from Wiktionary
Textbooks from Wikibooks
Quotations from Wikiquote
Source texts from Wikisource
Images and media from Commons
News stories from Wikinews

• ((French)) Tucson Vous Accueille - Le site en français des francophones et francophiles de Tucson.

• Arizona @ Your Service
• Arizona Regional Accounts Data
• Arizona Demographic Data from FedStats
• Census 2000 Data for Arizona
• Official Arizona Office of Tourism
• Arizona State Parks
• Arizona State Library, Archives and Public Records
• Arizona Newspapers

References

• David M. Thomas (Ed.) (2003). Arizona Legislative Manual. In [2]. Phoenix, AZ, Arizona Legislative Council. Google Print. Retrieved January 16, 2006.

• Trimble, Marshall (1998). Arizona, A Cavalcade of History. Tucson, Treasure Chest Publishing.

• Bayless, Betsy, Secretary of State (1998). Arizona Blue Book, 1997-1998. Phoenix, State of Arizona.

Notes

1. ↑ Climate Assessment for the Southwest (1999). The Climate of the Southwest. University of Arizona. URL accessed on 2006-03-21.
2. ↑ United States Geological Survey (2005). Hydrologic Conditions in Arizona During 1999–2004: A Historical Perspective. URL accessed on 2006-03-20.

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