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This article is about the U.S. State. For other uses of the term, see Alabama (disambiguation).


State of Alabama
Flag of Alabama Seal of Alabama
Nickname(s): Camellia State, The Heart of Dixie¹, Yellowhammer State & The Cotton State
Official language(s) English
Capital Montgomery
Largest city Birmingham
Area
 - Total 

 - Width 

 - Length 

 - % water
 - Latitude
 - Longitude
Ranked 30th
52,423 sq mi 
135,775 km²
190 miles 
306 km
330 miles 
531 km
3.19
30°13'N to 35°N
84°51'W to 88°28'W
Population
 - Total (2000)
 - Density
Ranked 23rd
4,447,100
84.83/sq. mi 
33.84/km² (26th)
Elevation
 - Highest point 

 - Mean 

 - Lowest point 

2,408 feet 
Mount Cheaha 734 m
499 feet 
152 m
0 feet 
0 m
Admission to Union December 14, 1819 (22nd)
Governor Bob Riley (R)
U.S. Senators Richard Shelby (R)

Jeff Sessions (R)

Time zone(s) Central: UTC-6/DST-5
Abbreviations AL US-AL
Web site www.alabama.gov
[[ Alabama Cities and Urban Areas/Sprawl
State motto Audemus jura nostra defendere
State bird Yellowhammer
State flower Camellia
State song "Alabama"
State tree Longleaf Pine
State spirit Conecuh Ridge
State reptile Red-bellied turtle

Alabama is a U.S. state located in the Southern United States.

Contents

  • 1 Geography
  • 2 History
  • 3 Demographics
    • 3.1 Race and ancestry
    • 3.2 Religion
  • 4 Economy
  • 5 Transportation
  • 6 Law and government
    • 6.1 Local and county government
    • 6.2 Political climate
  • 7 Important cities and towns
  • 8 Education
    • 8.1 Colleges and Universities
  • 9 Alabama Culture
    • 9.1 Cultural Sites
      • 9.1.1 Events
      • 9.1.2 Sports
  • 10 External links
  • 11 References
  • 12 Notes

Geography

Main article: Geography of Alabama
See also: List of Alabama counties



Map of Alabama - PDF

Alabama is the 30th largest state in the United States with 135,775 km2 (52,423 mi2) of total area. 3.19% of that is water, making Alabama 23rd in the amount of surface water, also giving it the second largest inland waterway system in the United States. About three-fifths of the land area is a gentle plain with a general decline towards the Mississippi River and the Gulf of Mexico. The North Alabama region is mostly mountainous, with the Tennessee River cutting a large valley creating numerous creeks, streams, rivers, mountains, and lakes. The lowest point east of the Mississippi River lies in Dekalb County along a creek cutting tower ridges, and creating Buck's Pocket State Park. Another natural wonder is "Land Bridge" the longest natural bridge span east of the Mississippi River. Alabama generally ranges in elevation from sea level at Mobile Bay, to a little more than 1,800 feet (550 m) in the Appalachian mountains in the northeast. The highest point is Mount Cheaha.

Other U.S. states bordering Alabama include: Tennessee to the north; Georgia to the east; Florida to the south; and Mississippi to the west. Alabama has coastline at the Gulf of Mexico in the extreme southern edge of the state.

National Parks include: Horseshoe Bend National Military Park in Daviston; Little River Canyon National Preserve in Fort Payne; Russell Cave National Monument in Bridgeport; Tuskegee Airmen National Historic Site in Tuskegee; and Tuskegee Institute National Historic Site near Tuskegee.

Alabama also contains the Natchez Trace Parkway, the Selma To Montgomery National Historic Trail, and the Trail Of Tears National Historic Trail.

History

Main article: History of Alabama

The memory of the Native American presence is particularly strong in Alabama. Among Native American people once living in present Alabama were Alabama (Alibamu), Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Creek, Koasati, and Mobile. Trade with the Northeast via the Ohio River began during the Burial Mound Period (1000 BC-A.D. 700) and continued until European contact. Meso-American influence is evident in the agrarian Mississippian culture that followed.

The French established the first European settlement in the state with the establishment of Mobile in 1702. Southern Alabama was French from 1702–1763, part of British West Florida from 1763–1780, and part of Spanish West Florida from 1780–1814. Northern and central Alabama was part of British Georgia from 1763–1783 and part of the American Mississippi territory thereafter. Its statehood was delayed by the lack of a coastline (rectified when Andrew Jackson captured Spanish Mobile in 1814). Alabama became the 22nd state in 1819.

The state of Alabama seceded from the Union on January 11, 1861 and became a Confederate state, known as the Alabama Republic on February 18, 1861. While not many battles were fought in the state, Alabama contributed about 120,000 soldiers to the Civil War. After the war a provisional government was set up in 1865, and Alabama was officially readmitted to the Union on July 14 1868.

Alabama was the cradle of the Confederacy during the Civil War and played stage center in the civil rights movement of the 1950s and 1960s.

Demographics

Alabama Population Density map

Main article: Demographics of Alabama

As of 2005, Alabama has an estimated population of 4,557,808, which is an increase of 32,433, or 0.7%, from the prior year and an increase of 110,457, or 2.5%, since the year 2000. This includes a natural increase since the last census of 77,418 people (that is 319,544 births minus 242,126 deaths) and an increase due to net migration of 36,457 people into the state. Immigration from outside the United States resulted in a net increase of 25,936 people, and migration within the country produced a net increase of 10,521 people.

The state had 108,000 foreign-born (2.4% of the state population), of which an estimated 22.2% were illegal aliens (24,000).

Race and ancestry

The racial makeup of the state and comparison to the prior census:

Census year: 2000 1990
White 71.1% 73.6%
Black 26.0% 25.3%
Asian 0.7% 0.5%
Native American 0.5% 0.4%
Other race 0.7% 0.1%
Mixed race 1.0% *
White, non-Hispanic 70.3% 73.3%
Hispanic‡ 1.7% 0.6%
Notes:
* Not available; mixed race was first reported in the census of 2000.
Hispanics may be of any race and are included in applicable race categories.

The largest reported ancestry groups in Alabama: American (17.0%), English (7.8%), Irish (7.7%), German (5.7%), and Scotch-Irish (2.0%). 'American' includes those reported as Native American or African American.

Religion

The major religions of Alabama:

  • Christian – 92%
    • Protestant – 79%
      • Baptist – 49%
      • Methodist – 10%
      • Presbyterian – 3%
      • Episcopalian – 2%
      • Church of God – 2%
      • Church of Christ – 2%
      • Pentecostal – 2%
      • Lutheran – 2%
      • Other Protestant – 7%
    • Catholic – 13%
  • Other religions – 1%
  • Non-religious – 7%

Economy

Greetings from Alabama

According to the Bureau of Economic Analysis, the 2003 total gross state product was $132 billion. The per capita income for the state was $26,505 in 2003. Alabama's agricultural outputs include poultry and eggs, cattle, plant nursery items, peanuts, cotton, grains such as corn and sorghum, vegetables, milk, soybeans, and peaches. Although known as "The Cotton State,"

Alabama's quarter depicting famous resident Helen Keller along with the longleaf pine branch and Magnolia blossoms from the 50 State Quarters program. Released March 19, 2003.

Alabama ranks between eight and ten in national cotton production, according to various reports [1][2], with Texas, Georgia and Mississippi comprising the top three. Its industrial outputs include iron and steel products (including cast-iron and steel pipe); paper, lumber, and wood products; mining (mostly coal); plastic products; cars and trucks; and apparel. Also, Alabama produces aerospace and electronic products, mostly in the Huntsville area, which is home of the NASA George C. Marshall Space Flight Center and the US Army Missile Command, headquartered at Redstone Arsenal.

Also, the city of Mobile is a busy seaport on the Gulf of Mexico, and with inland waterway access to the Midwest via the Tennessee-Tombigbee Waterway.

Alabama levies a 2, 4 or 5 percent personal income tax, depending upon the amount earned and filing status. The state's sales general tax rate is 4 percent. The collection rate could be substantially higher, depending upon additional city and county sales taxes. The corporate income tax rate is currently 6.5%.

Transportation

Alabama has four major interstate roads that cross it: I-65 runs north-south rough through the middle of the state; I-59/I-20 travels form the central west border to the north-east corner of the state; and I-85 goes from the border of Georgia and ends in Montgomery, providing a main thoroughfare to Atlanta.

Major airports in Alabama include Birmingham International Airport (BHM), Dothan Regional Airport (DHN), Huntsville International Airport (HSV), Mobile Regional Airport (MOB), Muscle Shoals - Northwest Alabama Regional Airport (MSL), and Tuscaloosa Municipal Airport (TCL)

Law and government

Main article: Law and Government of Alabama

Local and county government

Alabama has 67 counties. Each county has its own elected legislative branch, usually called the Board of Commissioners, which usually also has executive authority in the county. Due to the restraints placed in the Alabama Constitution, all but 7 counties (Jefferson, Lee, Mobile, Madison, Montgomery, Shelby, and Tuscaloosa) in the state have little to no home rule. Instead, most counties in the state must lobby the Local Legislation Committee of the state legislature to get simple local policies such as waste disposal to land use zoning.

Alabama is an alcoholic beverage control state; the government holds a monopoly on the sale of alcohol.

Political climate

The current governor of the state is Bob Riley and the two U.S. senators are Jefferson B. Sessions III and Richard C. Shelby (all three from the Republican Party). The current state constitution was adopted in 1901.

During Reconstruction following the American Civil War, Alabama was occupied by federal troops of the Third Military District under General John Pope. In 1877, the Reconstruction period ended with the recognition of Rutherford B. Hayes as President-elect. White Southerners assumed control of the government and passed laws to segregate and disenfranchise black residents. The state became part of the "Solid South," a one-party system in which the Democratic Party became essentially the only political party in every Southern state. For nearly 100 years, local and state elections in Alabama were decided in the Democratic Party primary, with generally no Republican challenger running.

From 1876 through 1956, Alabama supported only Democratic presidential candidates, by margins as high as 73 percentage points. In 1960, Alabama gave most of its electoral votes to Harry F. Byrd as a protest. In 1964, the national Republican Party began to win more votes in the South by following a "Southern Strategy" which emphasized "states' rights" and the increasing liberalism of the national Democratic Party. The first such candidate was conservative Barry Goldwater, who became the first Republican candidate supported by Alabama. In 1968, Alabama supported native son and American Independent Party candidate George Wallace.

The last Democratic candidate to win Alabama's votes in a presidential election was Southerner Jimmy Carter in 1976. Today, the Republican party has become increasingly dominant in conservative Alabama politics. However, in local politics, Democrats still control many offices, including majorities in both houses of the Legislature, and registered Democrats outnumber Republicans in the state.

In 2004, George W. Bush won Alabama's nine electoral votes by a margin of 25 percentage points with 62.5% of the vote. The only 11 counties voting Democratic were Black Belt counties, where African Americans are in the majority.

Further information: U.S. presidential election, 2004, in Alabama, and [[]], and [[]], and [[]], and [[]], and [[]], and [[]], and [[]], and [[]]

Alabama is located in the Bible Belt, and its educational policies reflect this. According to the Alan Guttmacher Institute, Alabama requires sex education classes to emphasize "that homosexuality is not an acceptable lifestyle to the general public and that homosexual conduct is a criminal offense under the laws of the state." While the mandate is not typically enforced in Alabama classrooms, it is unclear whether or not the official requirements have changed since the Supreme Court's ruling in Lawrence v. Texas. According to the United States Census Bureau, in 2000, Alabama was home to 4,561 same-sex male couples and 4,167 same-sex female couples.

Important cities and towns

  • Auburn
  • Birmingham
  • Decatur
  • Dothan
  • Florence
  • Gadsden
  • Huntsville
  • Mobile
  • Montgomery
  • Talladega
  • Tuscaloosa

Education

Colleges and Universities

Main article: List of colleges and universities in Alabama
  • Air University
  • Alabama A&M University
  • Alabama State University
  • Andrew Jackson University
  • Athens State University
  • Auburn University
  • Auburn University Montgomery
  • Birmingham-Southern College
  • Bishop State Community College
  • Calhoun Community College System
    • Decatur-Main Campus
    • Huntsville/Cummings Research Park
    • Redstone Arsenal
  • Capps College
  • Concordia College-Selma
  • Faulkner University
  • Heritage Christian University
  • Huntingdon College
  • Jacksonville State University
  • Judson College
  • Miles College
  • Oakwood College
  • Remington College
  • Samford University
  • Selma University
  • Southeastern Bible College
  • Southern Christian University
  • Spring Hill College
  • Stillman College
  • Talladega College
  • Troy University System (formerly "Troy State University System")
    • Main Campus (Troy)
    • Troy University at Dothan
    • Troy University at Montgomery
    • Troy University at Phenix City
  • Tuskegee University
  • United States Sports Academy
  • University of Alabama System
    • Main Campus (Tuscaloosa)
    • Birmingham
    • Huntsville
  • University of Mobile
  • University of Montevallo
  • University of North Alabama
  • University of South Alabama
  • University of West Alabama
  • Virginia College

Alabama Culture

  • Famous Alabamians
  • Music of Alabama

Cultural Sites

  • Birmingham Museum & Art Gallery
  • USS Alabama
  • U.S. Space & Rocket Center/U.S. Space Camp
  • Old State Bank
  • Vulcan statue

Events

  • Alabama Shakespeare Festival
  • Alabama Jubilee Hot Air Balloon Classic
  • Spirit of America Festival
  • Mobile Bay jubilee
  • Alabama Sports Festival

Sports

  • Rickwood Field
  • Robert Trent Jones Golf Trail
  • Point Mallard Aquatic Center
  • Talladega Superspeedway and the The International Motorsports Hall of Fame & Museum

External links

Find more information on Alabama by searching Wikipedia's sister projects:

Dictionary definitions from Wiktionary
Textbooks from Wikibooks
Quotations from Wikiquote
Source texts from Wikisource
Images and media from Commons
News stories from Wikinews

  • Alabama.gov - Official website.
  • Alabama Association of Regional Councils
  • TourAlabama.org - Alabama Department of Tourism and Travel
  • Archives.state.al.us - Alabama Department of Archives and History
    • All About Alabama at the Archives Department site
  • Alabama National Guard - Alabama National Guard
  • Code of Alabama 1975 - at the Alabama Legislature site
  • Alabama QuickFacts from the U.S. Census Bureau
  • County Maps of Alabama - Full color maps. List of cities, towns and county seats
  • Alabama Literature from the Southern Literary Review

References

  • Atkins, Leah Rawls, Wayne Flynt, William Warren Rogers, and David Ward. Alabama: The History of a Deep South State (1994)
  • Flynt, Wayne. Alabama in the Twentieth Century (2004)
  • Owen Thomas M. History of Alabama and Dictionary of Alabama Biography 4 vols. 1921.
  • Jackson, Harvey H. Inside Alabama: A Personal History of My State (2004)
  • Peirce, Neal R. The Deep South States of America: People, Politics, and Power in the Seven Deep South States (1974) solid reporting on politics and economics 1960-72
  • Williams, Benjamin Buford. A Literary History of Alabama: The Nineteenth Century 1979.
  • WPA. Guide to Alabama (1939)
  • for a detailed bibliography see History of Alabama

Notes

¹ The phrase The Heart of Dixie is required by state law to be included on standard state vehicle license plates, but has recently been reduced to a very small size and eclipsed by the phrase Stars Fell on Alabama.


State of Alabama
Capital: Montgomery
Largest cities: Birmingham | Huntsville | Mobile | Montgomery
Major cities: Anniston | Auburn | Decatur | Dothan | Florence | Gadsden | Hoover | Tuscaloosa
All cities: List of cities in Alabama
Largest Metros: Birmingham-Hoover-Cullman | Huntsville-Decatur | Mobile | Montgomery
Other Metro Areas Anniston-Oxford | Auburn-Opelika | Decatur | Dothan | Gadsden | Florence-Muscle Shoals | Tuscaloosa
Micropolitan Areas Alexander City | Cullman | Enterprise-Ozark | Fort Payne | Scottsboro | Talladega-Sylaucaga
Regions: Greater Birmingham | Black Belt | Central Alabama | Lower Alabama | Mobile Bay | North Alabama | South Alabama
Counties: Autauga | Baldwin | Barbour | Bibb | Blount | Bullock | Butler | Calhoun | Chambers | Cherokee | Chilton | Choctaw | Clarke | Clay | Cleburne | Coffee | Colbert | Conecuh | Coosa | Covington | Crenshaw | Cullman | Dale | Dallas | DeKalb | Elmore | Escambia | Etowah | Fayette | Franklin | Geneva | Greene | Hale | Henry | Houston | Jackson | Jefferson | Lamar | Lauderdale | Lawrence | Lee | Limestone | Lowndes | Macon | Madison | Marengo | Marion | Marshall | Mobile | Monroe | Montgomery | Morgan | Perry | Pickens | Pike | Randolph | Russell | Shelby | St. Clair | Sumter | Talladega | Tallapoosa | Tuscaloosa | Walker | Washington | Wilcox | Winston
Political divisions of the United States
States Alabama | Alaska | Arizona | Arkansas | California | Colorado | Connecticut | Delaware | Florida | Georgia | Hawaii | Idaho | Illinois | Indiana | Iowa | Kansas | Kentucky | Louisiana | Maine | Maryland | Massachusetts | Michigan | Minnesota | Mississippi | Missouri | Montana | Nebraska | Nevada | New Hampshire | New Jersey | New Mexico | New York | North Carolina | North Dakota | Ohio | Oklahoma | Oregon | Pennsylvania | Rhode Island | South Carolina | South Dakota | Tennessee | Texas | Utah | Vermont | Virginia | Washington | West Virginia | Wisconsin | Wyoming
Federal district District of Columbia
Insular areas American Samoa | Guam | Northern Mariana Islands | Puerto Rico | Virgin Islands
COFA Republic of the Marshall Islands | Republic of Palau | Federated States of Micronesia
Minor outlying islands Baker Island | Howland Island | Jarvis Island | Johnston Atoll | Kingman Reef | Midway Atoll | Navassa Island | Palmyra Atoll | Wake Island

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